百利天下2016-05-09更新GMAT阅读机经
1.加拿大河床
本月原始
V1一篇講加拿大科學家關於plants改變地表的理論 關鍵詞river shape 4段 第一段提出理論 第二段出現evidence支持理論 第三段貌似有其他的observation矛盾 最後是說科學家研究the end of the Predamien Era(?) 時期植物大量滅絕對地表的影響 此處有題 問科學家可能對這個時期的哪個現象感興趣 另外還考了文章結構 第三段的細節題是河床沉積物不會如何 題目用的是tends not to 這篇只記住這些了
V2最后一篇特别长，有四段好像，是两个加拿大人研究河流shape。第一段一个加拿大学者研究植物的生长，植物改变了clay，使它从wider，shallower变为narrower，deeper，植物构建了这个舞台。第二段这个学者和他的同事一起研究了一个Cambrian时期的河流，总之是证明这个理论是对的。第三段有点没看懂，开头一个but，有河床沉积物关键词(有细节题)。最后一段说他们想知道地球在the end of the Predamien Era(像植物大灭绝这种特殊时期)河流的改变，猜测可能河流会回到原始时期状态。(有题)
第一题问全文结构，选项特别长，两个以the third passage开头，三个以the first passage开头，主要在讨论前三段之间的关系。
【考古】
[V1]
枫叶国的两个好基友科学家G和N的故事
P1. 来自枫叶国的G发现了一个很神奇的现象：河水的形成是受当地植物影响的(貌似是，记不太清了)
P2. 这时，好基友N出现了。他们两个一起的发现加强了G的结论。
P3. 但是，有一小撮科学家发现了C现象。这个用G的结论怎么解释呢?
P4. 因此科学家们还需要再做进一步观察
[V2]
河和河床的变化。一屏半。两个加拿大的科学家。说的是虽然我们现在看到的河流是这样的，但是好多好多年前，才不是这个样子滴。第二段说500m年前如何如何，第三段说420m前发现的一个什么岩石能继续证明他们的观点是正确的。
问题：
主旨题我选的是(to provide evidences to support a claim)
[V3]
plant with root改变河流的形状，宽度，深度。。。 cambrian时期之后，发现了什么植物的化石还有河流的sediment的变化是同时发生的。
[V4]
有科学家说，植物对河流有影响，然后Oo科学家支持。按照套路接下来会反对，说有个阶段，sediment 怎么样的。噢第一段说了个Cambrian 时期怎么样的，那时候洪水冲击吧。第二段提了个P阶段这个阶段直接出题了
问题：每段关系是怎么样的
[V5]
还有个阅读是讲河流的形成的，说是河流会不会是受生长在其周围的植物影响，从而变宽变窄。举了在沉积物当中发现什么植物的化石之类的东西。第三段讲河流的这些变化也可能是受环境的影响。什么人类居住的原因。
[V6]
第二篇：加拿大的好基友，就是河床那个。
P1，加拿大的某个科学家提出了一个关于河床的在N年前如何形成什么什么的观点。
P2，第一句话就是说这个观点被另外一个科学家substantiate了，好像是这样单词，反正就是支持第一段。
P3，提出了以前的河流在没有植物在岸边还是什么的时候，一般都是很浅，很宽的。然后有了植物之后怎么怎么样。。。。
P4，最后一段，说着2个科学家还有一个问题需要研究。在某个地球的某个时期，植物曾经大范围灭绝了。然后他们想通过这个现象，去证明，如果植物灭绝以后，河流是不是有恢复到以前的那种又浅又宽的状态。
问题有问这个文章的结构，然后还有一些细节题。
[V7]
River形成那篇考了第三段作用,记得有fosill神马的让bank和什么的界限更清晰了
疑似原文:
If Not for Plants, Could Rivers Bend?
Geologists strengthen the case that early rooted plants engineered the look of modern rivers
Catherine Clabby
For decades, the Canadian geologist Martin Gibling has been intrigued by the tough-to-prove hypothesis that land plants created the shape of modern rivers hundreds of millions of years ago.
Plant roots reinforced the ground, the thinking goes, creating stable banks that funneled what once were wide, shallow water flows into narrower and deeper channels. By extension, that set the stage for lots of significant Earth history events, including the rise of human civilizations in modern river basins so many millennia later.
Now Gibling and postdoctoral scientist Neil Davies, both at Dalhousie University, have strengthened this case. When the pair compared a much-improved plant fossil record with evidence of how rivers changed very long ago, the transitions matched up.
“As soon as the plants got a foothold on land and rooted vegetation started, that changed the landscape. Basically plants engineered that landscape as they evolved,” says Davies. He and Gibling have published the findings in both Geology and Earth-Science Reviews.
Back in the Cambrian period, which ended some 500 million years ago, the geologic record indicates that rivers were very shallow but wide things, almost floods that allowed rainwater to wash from largely barren solid ground to sea. Deposits left behind were preserved as sheets of coarse grains, some of which suggest these rivers were 1,000 or more times as wide as they were deep.
“There is probably nowhere on Earth where rivers form the way they did before vegetation,” Gibling says.
But by the time of the Silurian- Devonian boundary, some 420 million years ago, the picture found in preserved sedimentary rock changes. The blankets of unconsolidated sediment found in earlier river deposits appear less frequently. It happens just as evidence of land vegetation with root systems also expands in the rock record.
In addition, more complex and diverse river remains emerge, including more traces of mud, probably due to the enhanced chemical weathering that plants assist; smaller-sized sand grains; and samples of organic remains. Significantly, shapes shift too.
Organized deposits become visible in the remains of highly sinuous, single-thread channels. Evidence of lateral accretion—the digging away of material at the outer bends of a river and the simultaneous deposition of material at the inner bends—is more abundant.
There is also variation that appears to be related to the local climate during the times that the rivers flowed. “Before plants evolved, it didn’t matter if a river was in a polar region, a temperate region or an arid region, the rivers looked the same. Later you find differences,” says Davies, who devoted two and a half years to this project.
Edward Cotter, a geologist long on the faculty of Bucknell University, was among the people arguing 30 years ago that rivers went through a big transition during the same period that Gibling and Davies emphasize. He observed it in sedimentary rocks in the central Appalachian Mountains dating from 450 to 250 million years ago. But unlike Gibling and Davies, he had limited evidence with which to extrapolate globally from his observations.
“They had a much richer database. They have a much healthier understanding of how rivers run. They went around to different parts of the world and looked with their own eyes,” says Cotter, whose research Gibling and Davies cite in their publications.
Using funding from the Canadian government, Davies and Gibling reviewed 144 published reports describing river sediment preserved in the rock record, dating from the Cambrian to the Devonian, to build their case. They visited 34 spots themselves in North America and Europe. And they scrutinized experimental results.
One laboratory finding that impressed Gibling was achieved at St. Anthony Falls Laboratory at the University of Minnesota. Working in a tank, researchers there described how vegetation—in this case alfalfa sprouts that were allowed to germinate on banks—transformed a channel that flowed between multiple sandbars into one that self-organized into a single- thread channel.
“The strength of the roots of alfalfa was enough to completely change the whole pattern. That generated a meandering river with banks that migrate and are erosion resistant,” Gibling says.
Dov Corenblit, an associate professor at the University of Paris who describes himself as a biogeomorphologist, says Davies and Gibling have delivered more than just insight into the history of rivers. They have expanded evidence that the biotic and abiotic features of this planet influence one another.
Their findings “may be considered significant progress in the comprehension of one of the most critical phases in the coupling between physical and biological processes on Earth,” Corenblit says.
The Dalhousie University geologists aren’t done. They want to explore whether any of the periodic mass extinctions experienced on Earth might have affected the shapes of rivers as well. They are scouring the literature for changes preserved from the end of the Permian, when a lot of plant life was wiped out.
“We’ll look to see if rivers reverted to the older form,” Davies says.
2.wound dressing
本月原始
(by justmo)還有一篇是wound dressing創傷敷料的 短篇 3段 時間不夠只記得是發明的一種新的敷料 第二段大概是講的跟silver wound dressing 相比對細菌感染更爲有效(?) 第三段是說這種新敷料在hospital setting中的應用可能受到限制
【考古版】
V1
P1：科学家研究一种病毒，之前用silver来帮助治疗，但是用silver有缺点，会抑制人体某些细胞的生长，所以现在科学家研究了一种药，好像是有一层药衣，我理解就跟胶囊外皮似的。
P2：他做了个对照实验，来验证自己的结论，胶囊型的就不会对人体其它细胞的生长有阻碍作用，而另一组会有bad effect.
P3：说是医院还是什么的就反对他的实验结论，认为他的实验有缺陷，不能把toxin什么和non-toxin什么的提取啊还是怎么的，就说他做法错。
Q：
有主旨题，问文章主线。
细节题，问实验是为了什么好像，题目真的记不清了。
V2
讲wound dressing材料的，先说了一种传统的方法使用silver但是这种金属会导致和伤口皮肤的不河蟹，然后一个新的科学家和她的团队发明了一种新的alternative，它是capsule-liked啥东东然后一旦发现bacteria了就自动releasing药物干死它。第三段讲了拿wound dressing的试品到实验室做testing发现在第一个设定的条件下bacteria依然在不受影响地developing，而另外一种条件bacteria的生长被有效控制了，最后一段失忆了...
V3
P1：银啊作为一种常见的这个XX装置SHELL，有强劲的杀菌作用，但是呢，由于该作用太给力，会导致其他健康组织的损伤，这样反而会让伤者危险。所以呢，有一些科学家就把这种成分胶囊化，让其缓释??也许吧，中间夹杂很多不认识词
P2：说了该科学家做了一组实验来证明这个经过缓释作用的银是只对有害细菌有作用了，引入了一个无害的ECO啥(参照物)，这里有考点。结果发现呢，银只对有害细菌起反应。P3：说这个东东要应用到实际还是有障碍的，科学家们正在进一步研究，使其进一步缓释，使得其缓释时间更长，从分钟到小时(考点)
V4
讲一种新的发明 可以有效 杀死 在伤口附近的 细菌
P1：介绍这个现象 如果受伤的话 在伤口附近 细菌会怎么怎么样
P2：发明了一种新的东西， 试验证明可以有效的杀死伤口附近的细菌
P3：这种新发明还是有 些 concern 的 ：没有在临床中 试验 验证过 有可能会有问题
总体 文章很短
V5
那个silver的跟bacteria斗智斗勇的capsule。
P1：基本上木有考题，所以放心大胆的跳过去吧~~~~~~~
P2：科学家研制出一种东东，反正是会跟对人体有害的细菌作斗争的。还做了一个实验，先把E这个细菌(对人体无害)和貌似是人体某个结果吧(里面又capsule)放到一起，由于E不会释放toxic或者e大头的物质来攻击vessel，所以capsule里头的东西就没有释放出来，所以E活得很滋润。实验二，把E换成P打头的细菌，结果P死翘翘了，基本上不生长了，因为他们攻击vessel导致vessel 破裂(rupture)(本人是GA迷，所以这类医疗词汇还是可以滴)然后capsule就出来荼毒这些细菌了。
P3：有人说这个capsule在临床上的实验还不足够还是怎样的，反正就是说他还不能用于临床。于是这个科学家就在研究如何延长它的有效时间，从分到小时。
Q：
问E活得很滋润说明了神马。
at least some bacteria has which of the following character? (选项1.都是他们会释放toxic或者e打头的那个物质，2.in attacking cells, they release toxic 这个选项很tricky，我不太确定,所以最后还是选了1)。
这个capsule本来的目的是干什吗的?
V6
还有一个也是JJ里有的，我再试着回忆补充一下：
P1：说传统的治疗wound的方法都是用silver来杀菌，但是silver有时候会把好细胞也杀掉。然后一个科学家就发明了一种新的杀菌用的一个东西。这种东西只有在坏细菌攻击的时候才会释放出杀死它们的东西。(LZ文科生，不懂这些“东西”在生物学里属于什么)
P2：讲了一个实验，这个科学家准备了三种bacteria，一种E是好的，另外两种是坏的。然后新发明的这个东西果然只有在遇到坏细菌attack的时候才发挥作用。
P3：???
Q：1.问第一段什么作用。
2.问选项中哪一个至少对于一种bacteria是对的。定位遍布全文。
3.海豚的声呐系统
本月原始
V1還有一篇是講dolphin通過sound跟whistle的頻率和模式來區分自己的和大海中其他的背景噪音 有細節題是問dolphin如何分別自己同其他的聲音 最後一段有說到dolphin發出聲音后會稍作等待再發出下一次emission 此處有題問這是爲什麽 像是這篇考古
V2(第二篇：海豚 寂静有了 我就放个段落大意 可以看看考古 很全面的 题目不难
PI：海豚生活的环境中碰到很多噪音……但是他们就会比人类抵抗能力强(有考点)
P2：介绍了海豚们是怎么辨别出自己发出的声音的 ，主要是通过不同的rates 和什么来着忘了…… 并且它们会等自己的echo传回来以后再发出下一个(有考点)
题目：主旨题 details和考古里的一样
这篇也不难
【考古版】
版本1
讲海豚的声纳系统。大概内容是说海豚的声纳系统很强，可以怎么怎么样。结构不是很清晰，但是无所谓因为考的好像都是细节题。其中 一题提到海豚的声纳系统可以区分很多人耳无法辨别的声音。(只记得这道了，都很简单)
版本2
第一段：海豚利用click和emission来航海，并且能够区分1船只的噪音，2海底其他动物的声音，3同伴的声音。比如一种虾，发出的声音很像是海豚发出的，人类一般不能区别出。[此处有题，答案是海豚对各种声音的辨别力比人类强。]
第二段：开始讲述海豚具体的辨别声音的过程，比较复杂，大概是收到声音后再自己发出声音，然后通过回音等等来分辨。此处讲到海豚的emission(发射)是有规律的频率变化。[有题，问 emission的性质。答案是频率改变，但是有规律可循，可以预测。]
版本3
一 篇是讲海豚的 说海底有很多声音, 但海豚的click 和 whistle的行为, 可以让海豚间彼此沟通, 沟通是透过用不同频率的click和whistle repeat产生pattern 而且它们通常会在发出声音之后, 等一下听回音之类的, 藉以分辨出她们自己的声音和海底其它吵杂的声音(有题) 不是很长50行吧 考了一题assumption 一题细节 另一题记不清了
海豚门喜欢用声波确定方位，而且不同的海豚声波的频率还不一样。
海豚们在确定方位时会发出两种声波，一是d，一是whistle .d是稳定频率的声波而w是频率变换的声波。海豚们会发出声波然后等待声波回弹，根据回弹时间确定距离.
说海豚怎样在浅海里区别自己的声音和别的噪声。通过频率，重复的模式，回音的间隔时间等
版本4
Paragraph 1: 海豚怎样辨别自己的声音让专家觉得很有意思之类。。。因为在海里有很多很多的杂音。还举了一个浅水地方的例子，说海底里有很多小虾子发出的 clicksParagraph 2: 海豚发出的click trains and whistles seem designed to distinguish their own sounds from the others'. 而且whistles 有很规律性的变法 (unvarying pattern)。实验里面证明了海豚会等到接受了第一个clicks 的echo之后才发出第二个click trains
讲海豚如何分辨同类的叫声和水下的杂音
题目：
Q1：海豚的声纳系统可以区分很多人耳无法辨别的声音：比如一种虾，发出的声音很像是海豚发出的，人类一般不能区别出。[此处有题，答案是海豚对各种声音的辨别力比人类强
Q2：问emission的性质，答案是频率改变，但是有规律可循，可以预测。]
Q3：它们通常会在发出声音之后, 等一下听回音之类的, 藉以分辨出她们自己的声音和海底其它吵杂的声音
Q4：考了一题assumption
版本5
Echolocation - the location of objects by their echoes - is a highly specialized faculty that enables dolphins to explore their environment and search out their prey in a watery world where sight is often of little use. As sound travels four and a half times faster in water than in air, the dolphin's brain must be extremely well adapted in order to make a rapid analysis of the complicated information provided by the echoes.
Although the ability to echolocate has only been proven experimentally for a few odontocete species, the anatomical evidence - the presence of the melon, nasal sacs and specialized skull structures - suggests that all dolphins have this ability.
The dolphin is able to generate sound in the form of clicks, within its nasal sacs, situated behind the melon. The frequency of this click is higher than that of the sounds used for communication and differs between species. The melon acts as a lens which focuses the sound into a narrow beam that is projected in front of the animal.
When the sound strikes an object, some of the energy of the soundwave is reflected back towards the dolphin. It would appear that the panbone in the dolphin's lower jaw receives the echo, and the fatty tissue behind it transmits the sound to the middle ear and thence to the brain. It has recently been suggested that the teeth of the dolphin, and the mandibular nerve that runs through the jawbone may transmit additional information to the dolphin's brain.
As soon as an echo is received, the dolphin generates another click. The time lapse between click and echo enables the dolphin to evaluate the distance between it and the object; the varying strength of the signal as it is received on the two sides of the dolphin's head enable it to evaluate direction. By continuously emitting clicks and receiving echoes in this way, the dolphin can track objects and home in on them.
The echolocation system of the dolphin is extremely sensitive and complex. Using only its acoustic senses, a bottlenose dolphin can discriminate between practically identical objects which differ by ten per cent or less in volume or surface area. It can do this in a noisy environment, can whistle and echolocate at the same time, and echolocate on near and distant targets simultaneously - feats which leave human sonar experts gasping.
完整机经版本点击下载：
以上就是百利天下出国考试向大家介绍的2016-05-09更新GMAT阅读机经，正在准备GMAT阅读的学生可以一起来看看上面的介绍，希望能给大家的GMAT备考带来帮助。
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