做题时：一不要看见一个你觉得正确的选项就直接选了 而不去看别的选项，因为出题者的诡计就是放置一个具有高度迷惑性的选项在 正确选项前，这样能驱使你去看每一个选项;二不要先读题，先看题干，在看问题。因为你先看题目的话，你通常读完题干还会去读问题。
Critical Reasoning Bible Notes
Chapter 2&3 Basic Principles
Basically, GMAT critical reasoning stimulus has two types: an argument or a set of factual statement.
To deal with stimulus, there are three steps:
1. Make a quick analysis of the topic under discussion
2. Read the entire stimulus very carefully
3. Analyze the structure of the stimulus
Based on these steps, there are several primary objectives when reading stimulus:
Objective 1: Determine whether the stimulus contains an argument or only a set of factual statement
Difference: The lack of a strong reaction is often an indication that you are not reading an argument and are instead reading just a set of facts.
缺乏强烈的反应，经常会是一个标志，你看到的不是论述，而是一组事实
Premise Indicators (前提标志词)
Because / since / for / for example / for the reason that / as indicated by / due to / owing to / this can be seen from / we know this by …
Conclusion Indicators (结论标志词)
Thus / therefore / hence / consequently / as a result / so / accordingly / clearly / must be that / shows that / conclude that / follows that / for this reason…
N+.thus …….,since N和since 后面的都是前提，thus后面的是结论
一定要充分的 和精确的辨别 论述的 premise 和conclusion
Objective2: If the stimulus contains an argument, identify the conclusion of the argument. If the stimulus contains a fact set, examine each fact.
最常见的迷惑形式：结论标志词，和前提标志词背对背
Therefore , since..…., 结论
Thus, because.…, 结论
Hence, due to …….., 结论!!
When reading, always be aware of the presence of the words listed ABOVE!!
1、 一旦找到结论，必须马上锁定。在确定结论之后才能看问题和选项。
如果原文中包含完整论证，找出结论;如果原文中只包含事实，仔细检查每个事实
The organization of an argument:
Each stimulus is compromised by various parts: Premise, Conclusion, Additional Premise, Counter-Premise and so on.
①The conclusion is drawn based on premises(May be one premise or a number of premises). So it is crucial to recognize what is the conclusion and what is the premise. There may exist some confusing forms in the argument.
②Additional Premise Indicators : Furthermore, Moreover, Besides, In addition
附加前提标志词：Furthermore, Moreover, Besides, In addition
Sometimes the author will make an argument and then for good measure add another premise that supports the conclusion but is sometimes non-essential to the conclusion.
附加前提有时候是不重要的(不需要这个前提，论述也可成立)
③Counter-Premise Indicators: But, Yet, On the other hand, Admittedly, In contrast, Although, Even though, Whereas, Despite, After all, Still
反对前提标志词：
The general counter-premise concept discusses an ideal that is some way different from another part of the argument. But, by raising counter-premises, the author can minimize the objections that may occur against his/her own conclusion.
反对前提可以使对结论的反对意见程度变小
当原文没有只指示词时，这时候假定一个句子是前提，另一个是结论，然后自己加上因果联系词，因为前提，所以结论， 看看是否符合逻辑。如果不符合，那么就倒过来再看
④Complex argument
These arguments contain more than one conclusion. In these instances, one of the conclusions is the main conclusion, and the other conclusions are subsidiary conclusions.
一个主结论和一个次结论 ，次结论作为主结论的前提，或者起到一个过渡或者推导的作用
Sometimes, 2 opposing view may exist in one argument. (Such as Conversation Issues)
These arguments contain words such as “however, but”. The difference between complex arguments and counter-premise indicator is the final conclusion and the number of conclusions.
我们会在第十章看到的：一个常见的 复杂论述的形式:
1. 放置一个主结论，在文章的第一句话中，然后放置一个次结论，在文章的最后一句话中，中间被一个结论指示词隔开。
这个形式将会诱导你去把第二个结论当做主结论。
2.发生在两个说话人中，这样出题人可以再问你多种多样的的问题。P35
One Important Principle: Order of presentation has no effect on the logical structure of the argument. The conclusion can appear at the beginning, the middle, or the end of the argument!
Objective3: If the stimulus contains an argument, determine whether the argument is strong or weak.
前提的真实性不能决定一个论述的有效或者无效，论述是否想加强是单独的基于这个前提可以证明这个结论的程度
What is crucial here are the hidden assumptions. The context of premises could never be treated as untrue, but the line of reasoning may not be valid. So, the hidden assumptions play crucial role in the line of reasoning.
文章的前提是真实的，只是文章的推理存在问题
Two concepts:
1. Assumptions: Things that are assumed to be true before reaching the conclusion. (Or we can say things that are assumed to be true in the line of reasoning.)
2. Inferences: Things that must be true on the basis of the argument. That is things that can and will be drawn based on the argument given.
Objective4: Read closely and know precisely what the author said. Do not generalize!
Pay attention to Quantity Indicators & Probability Indicators.
Quantity Indicators：all ,every. most, many, some ,several, few. sole, only, not all, none
Probability Indicators. must, will, always ,not always, probably ,likely ,would, not necessarily, could，rarely, never
Objective5: Carefully read and identify the question stem. Do not assume that certain words are automatically associated with certain question types.
仔细阅读并且识别题干 ，不要假想某个词会和某种问题有联系
|
MUST BE / PROVE |
HELP |
HURT |
|
Must be true / Most Supported |
Assumption |
Weaken |
|
Main point / Main idea |
Strengthen / Support |
|
|
Method of Reasoning |
Resolve the Paradox |
|
|
Flaw in the Reasoning |
|
|
|
Parallel Reasoning |
*Evaluate the Argument 属于HELP与HURT的结合
第一类FAMILY: MUST BE/PROVE 题正确选项中不得出现原文中没有的新信息!
Stimuls是被接受的，即使它含有推理的缺陷
第二类FAMILY: HELP题正确选项中经常用到原文以外的新信息
第三类FAMILY: HURT题与HELP相同
**只有两种类型的题目在原文中没有结论：
MUST BE TRUE 和 RESOLVE THE PARADOX
**出现频率最高的几种题型：
Weaken, Must be true, Assumption, Strengthen, Resolve
考得最少的几种题目类型：
Main Point, Method of Reasoning, Flaw in the Reasoning, Parallel Reasoning, Evaluate the Argument
Question Types:
1. Must be true/ Most supported 2. Main Point
3. Assumptions 4. Strengthen/ Support
5. Resolve the Paradox 6. Weaken
7. Method of Reasoning 8. Flaw in the Reasoning
9. Parallel Reasoning 10. Evaluate the argument
All question types are variations of three main question “families”, and each family is comprised of question types that are similar to each other.
Family #1: Prove Stimulus→ Answer Choice Type: 1, 2, 7, 8, 9
Family #2: Help Answer Choice→ Stimulus Type: 3, 4, 5
Family #3: Hurt Answer Choice→ Stimulus Type: 6
The arrows represent the flow of information: One part of the problem is simply accepted and the other part is affected.
|
The First Family |
The Second Family |
The Third Family |
|
1. You must accept the stimulus information- even if it contains an error of reasoning- and use it to prove that one of the answer choices must be true. |
1. The information in the stimulus is suspect. There are often reasoning errors present, and depending on the question, you will help shore up the argument in some way. |
1. The information in the stimulus is suspect. There are often reasoning error present, and you will further weaken the argument in some way. |
|
2. Any information in an answer choice that does not appear either directly in the stimulus or as a combination of items in the stimulus will be incorrect. |
2. The answer choices are accepted as given, even if they include “new” information. Your task is to determine which answer choice best meets the question posed in the stem. |
2. The answer choices are accepted as given, even if they include “new” information. Your task is to determine which answer choice best attacks the argument in the stimulus. |
|
P.s. Often we see in question stem “The information above, if true, …” |
P.s. Often, we see in question stem “Which of the following, if true, … ” |
objective6: Prephase: After reading the question stem, take a moment to mentally formulate your answer to the question stem.
看选项之前一定要自己先预测答案，这样你的预测完全是基于stimulus的，而且会帮你快速排出错误选项，通常情况下你预测的 也是正确选项。
如果直接看选项，容易被出题者精心设计的错误选项所迷惑。
Objective7: Always read each of the five answer choices.
5个选项都要看
Objective8: Separate the answer choices into Contenders and Losers. After completing this process, review the Contenders and decide which answer is the correct one.
你迷惑的，或者有吸引里力的选项，分为contender.
不要浪费时间去找一个选项的优点，只需要去找下一个更优的选项。
然而，一个选项瞬间打动你让你觉得他是错误的，把它划分为loser。
最后回到那些有竞争力的选项，去决定哪一个是你要的
这样做可以平均每道逻辑题剩下30秒，不要小看这30秒。GMAT的一个真理是： little things make a big difference
Objective9: If all five answer choices appear to be Losers, return to the stimulus and re-evaluate the argument.
如果你觉得五个选项都错， 肯定是你遗漏了stimulus中的关键信息
Note：当你做完一道题的时候，点完确认将ta马上抛之脑后，千万不要去想，否则很容易使你分心，而且很可能会让你做错下一道题，这就是GMAT的陷阱，
这不仅是一个考能力的考试，还是一个考心理素质的考试。
"你不会的别人也不一定会，但别人不会的 你很可能会。"永远记住这句话。
您还可能关注：
