这篇文章主要是分析一些argument的理论内容，并不涉及负责的问题，重在帮助大家理解GMAT逻辑argument的结构，并附带一些例子分析。
一、GMAT逻辑argument的传统结构。
1、argument传统结构分类：
Argument的一般结构通常有两种：前提-前提-结论,或者前提-前提-前提-结论。结论和前提的位置大概如此，或者有一些标志词(如hence等)引导。
2、argument传统结构举例：
1)前提-前提-结论结构。
Vague laws set vague limits on people’s freedom, which makes it impossible for them to know for certain whether their actions are legal. Thus, under vague laws people cannot feel secure.
这个结构就是：
Premise: vague laws set vague limits on people's freedom.
Premise: which makes it impossible for them to know for certain whether their action are legal.
Conclusion: thus, under vague laws people cannot feel secure.
2)前提-前提-前提-结论结构。
还有就是一种是四句式的，第一句往往给你介绍一个事物的背景。
比如：
The retina scanner, a machine that scans the web of tiny blood vessels in the retina, stores information about the pattern informed by the blood vessels. This information allows it to recognize any pattern it has previously scanned. No two eyes have identical patterns of blood vessels in the retina. A retina scanner can therefore be used successfully to determine for any person whether it has ever scanned a retina of that person before.
premise 1：the retina scanner, a machine that scans the web for tiny blood vessels in the retina, stores information about the pattern informed by the blood vessels.就是介绍背景的。这样的结构很多，往往是第一句介绍某个理论或者一些人对于某件事情的看法，基于什么原因，然后陈述的是另外一批人发现了新的、不一样的理论，然后得出不同的结论。
比如：
Marine biologists have long thought that variation in the shell color of aquatic snails evolved as a protective camouflage against birds and others predators. Brown shells seem to be more frequent when the underlying seafloor is dark-colored and white shells more frequent when the underlying seafloor is light-colored. A new theory has been advanced, however, that claims that shell color is related to physiological stress associated with heat absorption. According to this theory, brown shells will be more prevalent in areas where the wave action of the sea is great and thus heat absorption from the Sun is minimized, whereas white shells will be more numerous in calmer waters where the snails will absorb more heat from the Sun's rays.
这类结构非常容易找到结论,往往最后一句句子就是整个argument的结论，因为关注了结论，这类题目在assumption/strengthen/weaken类型的题目中很容易辨别和得出正确的答案。
(详情请看 GMAT逻辑argument的结构)
二、几种特殊的argument结构
1、结论在首句。
这类题目一般有3个完整句子组成，有时候还有四个句子组成。特点是结论在首句，不容易辨别，如果结论辨别错了，会影响对于整个argument的理解。
比如：
The current pattern of human consumption of resources, in which we rely on nonrenewable resources, for example, metal ore must eventually change. Since there is only so much metal ore available, ultimately we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place.
这个argument的结论就是首句，既有限定从句，又有插入语，结论是人类现代消耗资源的模式最终会逐步的改变。premise是由一个since连接的因果关系，其中ultimately we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place既是一个premise,还是一个subsidiary conclusion，它充当了2个角色。
举例：
Pedigreed dogs, including those officially classified as working dogs, must conform to standards set by organizations that issue pedigrees. Those standards generally specify the physical appearance necessary for a dog to be recognized as belonging to a breed but stipulate nothing about other genetic traits, such as those that enable breeds originally developed as working dogs to perform the work for which they were developed. Since dog breeders try to maintain only those traits specified by pedigree organizations, and traits that breeders do not try to maintain risk being lost, certain traits like herding ability risk being lost among pedigreed dogs. Therefore, pedigree organizations should set standards requiring working ability in pedigreed dogs classified as working dogs.
The phrase “certain traits like herding ability risk being lost among pedigreed dogs” serves which one of the following functions in the argument?
A. It is a claim on which the argument depends but for which no support is given.
B. It is a subsidiary conclusion used in support of the main conclusion.
C. It acknowledges a possible objection to the proposal put forth in the argument.
D. It summarizes the position that the argument as a whole is directed toward discrediting
E. It provides evidence necessary to support a claim stated earlier in the argument.
这道题目中，since后面逗号的这句也是一个subsidiary conclusion,这类结构比较复杂，往往需要关注。
2、句子只有两句。
虽然这种结构句子只有两句，但是第一句句子往往非常长和难懂。这类结构看懂复杂的那句是关键，不是让你推断两句句子的关系就是问你他们中缺的东西。
比如：
People who have specialized knowledge about a scientific or technical issue are systematically excluded from juries for trials where the issue is relevant. Thus, trial by jury is not a fair means of settling disputes involving such issues.
再如：
The two newest employees at this company have salaries that are too high for the simple tasks normally assigned to new employees and duties that are too complex for inexperienced workers. Hence, the salaries and the complexity of the duties of these two newest employees should be reduced.
(详情请看 GMAT逻辑如何利用argument解题)
GMAT逻辑的argument对于逻辑解题非常有帮助，如果大家认真分析一定能够找到很多和论点相关的解题技巧。今天小编要讲的内容就到这里啦。
您还可能关注：
