本节课的主要内容是GMAT阅读主要题型中作者态度题的讲解，告诉大家这类题型的主要特点以及正确的应对方法，从而顺利找出正确答案。GMAT阅读易错题讲解之作者态度题，快和小编一起去学习一下吧。
解答GMAT阅读作者态度题的核心：从用词判断作者态度。
作者态度题的问题特征：
The Tone of the passage can be best described as…?
Which of the following most accurately describes…?
The author of the passage would be most likely to describe…as…?
The tone of the passage suggests that?
解答作者态度题的方法：整体判断+细节分析
1. 把握文章整体的基调。
2. 注意含有作者态度的词语，多为形容词和副词。
3. 深层理解作者使用这些词语的真正意图。
1. The author of the passage would be most likely to describe the explanation provided by the human capital theory for the high concentration of women in certain occupations in the seventeenth-century Florentine textile industry as
(A) well founded though incomplete. 正确
(B) difficult to articulate
(C) plausible but poorly substantiated
(D) seriously flawed
(E) contrary to recent research
In the seventeenth-century Florentine textile industry，women were employed primarily in low- paying，low-skill jobs. To explain this segregation of labor by gender，economists have relied on the useful theory of human capital. According to this theory, investment in human capital-the acquisition of difficult job-related skills-generally benefits individuals by making them eligible to engage in well-paid occupations. Women's role as child bearers，however，results in interruptions in their participation in the job market (as compared with men's) and thus reduces their opportunities to acquire training for highly skilled work. In addition，the human capital theory explains why there was a high concentration of women workers in certain low-skill jobs，such as weaving， but not in others，such as combing or carding， by positing that because of their primary responsibility in child rearing women took occupations that could be carried out in the home.
There were，however，differences in pay scales that cannot be explained by the human capital theory. For example，male construction workers were paid significantly higher wages than female taffeta weavers. The wage difference between these two low-skill occupations stems from the segregation of labor by gender： because a limited number of occupations were open to women， there was a large supply of workers in their fields， and this "overcrowding" resulted in women receiving lower wages and men receiving higher wages.更多相关内容请点击》GMAT阅读现象解释类真题解析。
2. Which of the following most accurately describes Clark’s opinion of Braverman’s position?
A He respects its wide-ranging popularity.
B He disapproves of its misplaced emphasis on the influence of managers.正确
C He admires the consideration it gives to the attitudes of the workers affected.
D He is concerned about its potential to impede the implementation of new technologies.
E He is sympathetic to its concern about the impact of modern technology on workers.
Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables….At the empirical level Clark shows …and organization of workers…
3. The author implies that Duverger’s actual findings are
A limited because they focus on only four countries
B inaccurate in their description of the four countries in the early 1950s
C out-of-date in that they are inapplicable in the four countries today. 正确
D flawed because they are based on unsound data
E biased by Duvergers’ political beliefs
In 1955 Maurice Duverger published The Political Role of Women, the first behavioralist, multinational comparison of women’s electoral participation ever to use election data and survey data together. His study analyzed women’s patterns of voting, political candidacy, and political activism in four European countries during the first half of the twentieth century. Duverger’s research findings were that women voted somewhat less frequently than men (the difference narrowing the longer women had the vote) and were slightly more conservative.
Duverger’s work set an early standard for the sensitive analysis of women’s electoral activities. Moreover, to Duverger’s credit, he placed his findings in the context of many of the historical processes that had shaped these activities. However, since these contexts have changed over time, Duverger’s approach has proved more durable than his actual findings. In addition, Duverger’s discussion of his findings was hampered by his failure to consider certain specific factors important to women’s electoral participation at the time he collected his data: the influence of political regimes, the effects of economic factors, and the ramifications of political and social relations between women and men. Given this failure, Duverger’s study foreshadowed the enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach to the multinational study of women’s political participation.
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