本节课的主要内容是GMAT写作常见逻辑错误中的无因果联系，教会考生如何高效备考GMAT写作并获得理想的成绩，GMAT写作快速分析逻辑错误之无因果，快和小编一起去学习一下吧。
GMAT写作题目要求：Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion, be sure to analyze the line of reasoning (同根词的替换)and the use of evidence (n.证明;为……所证明本be evidenced;as evidenced by某观点为什么所证明)in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss(同根词)what sort of (某个类型)evidence would (could might may 不用can will)strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate(评价) its conclusion.
逻辑练习：
A common misconception that university hospitals are better than community or private hospitals. In fact，university hospitals have a lower survival rate for patients than do other hospitals. From this it seems clear that the quality of care at university hospitals is lower than that at other hospitals.
Which of the following, if true, most forcefully undermines the arguments of the passage above?
A. Many doctors divide their working hours between a university and a community or private hospital.
B. Doctors at university hospital of ten earns less than doctors at private hospitals.
C. University and community hospitals often cannot afford the elaborate facilities of private hospitals.
D. The emphasis at many university hospitals is on pure research rather than on the treatment and care of patients.
E. The patients who seek help at university hospitals are usually more seriously ill than those at private or community hospitals. 正确。
The following appeared in an article in the health section of a newspaper:
"There is a common misconception that university hospitals are better than community or private hospitals. This notion is unfounded, however: the university hospitals in our region employ 15 percent fewer doctors, have a 20 percent lower success rate in treating patients, make far less overall profit, and pay their medical staff considerably less than do private hospitals. Furthermore, many doctors at university hospitals typically divide their time among teaching, conducting research, and treating patients. From this it seems clear that the quality of care at university hospitals is lower than that at other kinds of hospitals."
Discuss how well reasoned you find ... etc.
错误分析：
1. 以偏概全：the university hospitals in our region > university hospitals
2. 因果关系：have a 20 percent lower success rate in treating patients > not better than
3. 证据不足：
1)employ 15 percent fewer doctors, have a 20 percent lower success rate in treating patients, make far less overall profit, and pay their medical staff considerably less than do private hospitals.
2)many doctors at university hospitals typically divide their time among teaching, conducting research, and treating patients。
文章展开：首段：
1. 结论重现(the conclusion):a common misconception is unfounded
2. 推理过程重现(the line of reasoning):the university hospitals in one region employ…many doctors at university hospitals…From this it seems clear that…
3. 一句话评价：Unconvincing/weak/defective/problematic/questionable/unsound
中间第一段：
First/ To begin with, the author of the article:
1) uses fact of university hospitals in this region as the basis for a generalization about all university hospitals
2) assumes that (relies on a gratuitous/an unwarranted assumption that) represent/representative…
3) but doesn’t provide any evidence to support it
中间第二段：
Secondly/Moreover/In addition
1)the author of the article believes that the reason why the quality of care is lower in university hospitals than it is at other hospitals is that university hospitals have a lower success rate in treating patients.
2) But this reason alone is not sufficient to reach the conclusion, and there may be other reasons such as or The author assumes that other hospitals have the same patient as university hospital. But…
中间第三段：
Thirdly/Finally:
the author assumes that…is linked to the low quality of care in university hospitals. But…
1)employ…,have…, make…, and pay…
2)many doctors at university hospitals typically divide their time among teaching, conducting research, and treating patient
结尾段：
1. In conclusion/To sum up, the author’s argument is unconvincing/ weak/ defective/ problematic/ questionable/ unsound.
2. To support/ strengthen/ better evaluate the argument the author would have to…更多相关内容请点击》GMAT写作考前突破之复习总结。
参考范文：
In this argument the author concludes that university hospitals provide no better care than private or community hospitals. The author bases this conclusion on the following claims about university hospitals: the ones in this region employ 15 percent fewer doctors; they have a 20 percent lower success rate in treating patients; they pay their staffs less money; they make less profit than community hospitals; and they utilize doctors who divide their time between teaching, research and treating patients. This argument is unconvincing for several reasons.
The most egregious reasoning error in the argument is the author's use of evidence pertaining to university hospitals in this region as the basis for a generalization about all university hospitals. The underlying assumption operative in this inference is that university hospitals in this region are representative of all university hospitals. No evidence is offered to support this gratuitous assumption.
Secondly, the only relevant reason offered in support of the claim that the quality of care is lower in university hospitals than it is at other hospitals is the fact that university hospitals have a lower success rate in treating patients. But this reason is not sufficient to reach the conclusion in question unless it can be shown that the patients treated in both types of hospitals suffered from similar types of maladies. For example, if university hospitals routinely treat patients suffering from rare diseases whereas other hospitals treat only those who suffer from known diseases and illnesses, the difference in success rates would not be indicative of the quality of care received.
Finally, the author assumes that the number of doctors a hospital employs, its success rate in treating patients, the amount it pays its staff, and the profits it earns are all reliable indicators of the quality of care it delivers. No evidence is offered to support this assumption nor is it obvious that any of these factors is linked to the quality of care delivered to patients. Moreover, the fact that doctors in university hospitals divide their time among many tasks fails to demonstrate that they do a poorer job of treating patients than doctors at other kinds of hospitals. In fact, it is highly likely that they do a better job because they are more knowledgeable than other doctors due to their teaching and research.
In conclusion, the author's argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument the author would have to demonstrate that university hospitals in this region are representative of all university hospitals, as well as establishing a causal link between the various factors cited and the quality of care delivered to patients.
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