GMAT阅读是GMAT考试中相对较难的一个单项，主要是因为GMAT阅读涉及到不同的文章类型和题目类型，现象解释类就是其中一种。本文为大家带来的是GMAT阅读现象解释套路OG12真题解析，希望对大家的阅读备考有帮助。
现象解释套路类的文章是针对某种自然或社会现象进行分析解释。这类文章在一开始就会描述一种“奇怪”的现象，文章的展开主要围绕这一现象进行，说它奇怪是因为这种现象发生的频率比较低或者在日常生活中不容易见到，又或者是容易被我们忽略的一些现象。 首先是对这一现象的描述，然后介绍其产生的原因及所造成的影响，从而间接地表达作者的态度或评价，阅读这类文章同样需要重点把握作者的观点和态度。下面小编将结合OG12中的文章为大家详细介绍一下：
In winters v. United States (1908), the Supreme Court held that the right to use waters flowing through or adjacent to the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation was reserved to American Indians by the treaty establishing the reservation. Although this treaty did not mention water rights, the Court ruled that the federal government, when it created the reservation, intended to deal fairly with American Indians by reserving for them the waters without which their lands would have been useless. Later decisions, citing Winters, established that courts can find federal rights to reserve water for particular purposes if (1) the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction, (2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands—i.e., withdrawn from the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws—and set aside or reserved, and (3) the circumstances reveal the government intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation.
S ome American Indian tribes have also established water rights through the courts based on their traditional diversion and use of certain waters prior to the United States’ acquisition of sovereignty. For example, the Rio Grande pueblos already existed when the United States acquired sovereignty over New Mexico in 1848. Although they at that time became part of the United States, the pueblo lands never formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from public lands as American Indian reservations. This fact, however, has not barred application of the Winters doctrine. What constitutes an American Indian reservation is a question of practice, not of legal definition, and the pueblos have always been treated as reservations by the United States. This pragmatic approach is buttressed by Arizona v. California (1963), wherein the Supreme Court indicated that the manner in which any type of federal reservation is created does not affect the application to it of the Winters doctrine. Therefore, the reserved water rights of Pueblo Indians have priority over other citizens’ water rights as of 1848, the year in which pueblos must be considered to have become reservations.更多相关内容请点击》GMAT阅读取非题OG13真题解析。
1. 分析文章类型：现象解释型
提出现象---解释现象---解释依据---提出另一相关现象---解释相关现象的法律依据
2. 理清逻辑结构：
1908年W的最高法院将水权判给了AI，其依据是一个本没有提及水权，但是根据联邦政府的意图说明已将水权赋予AI的协议。后来的一些判决建立这样一个体系：法院可以依据联邦权力在以下三种情况对特殊目的保留水权：
1)待裁决的土地位于联邦全权治下土地的包围之中;
2)待裁决土地曾被正式从联邦公共土地中分离出来，即从在联邦土地使用法(指导)下可以作私人用途的联邦土地库存中分离出来，并被留出或保留的;
3)有迹象显示当时的政府在建立保留地时有意将水权和土地权一起保留(给当地人)。
其他一些印第安人部落也基于他们历史上调取和使用水源早于美国取得当地主权的事实通过法庭获得了水权。比如RG，他们从未被法律规定为保留地，但是因为是否为保留地是一个实际问题，而非法律问题，因此他们也被认为是保留地，那么根据第三条就被判决拥有水权了。这一实用主义被AC案例所支持，在A案例中最高法院认为各种联邦保留地是以何种方式建立的并不影响W案例规则对其的适用性。因此，从这些村落理应被认定为保留地的1848年起，村落的印第安居民便享有优先于其他公民的水权。
以上是关于GMAT阅读现象解释套路OG12真题解析的详细内容，希望大家也能从中受益，不断改进自己的备考方法提升备考效率，从而写出漂亮的文章获得满意的成绩。更多相关内容百利天下小编会持续为大家送上，祝大家都能早日梦圆名校。
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