分词包含现在分词、过去分词，它们的主要功能是充当修饰语，作定语修饰名词、代词，作状语修饰句子。虽然分词做修饰不是作为重点考察，但是几乎大部分试题中都会出现分词做修饰的情况，今天就给大家介绍下GMAT语法分词做修饰的知识点。
1) 现在分词短语在句尾: 表伴随动作, 状态, 功能, 与句子谓语动作同时发生(可以理解为“一边……一边……”)，逻辑主语等于句子主语;如果表示表伴随结果，整个句子是原因，导致分词动作产生，无逻辑主语。可以在分词前加thus，thereby，in effect等副词，也可以不加。
2) 过去分词短语在句尾，一般优先就近作定语修饰名词;–ed分词短语在句首,其逻辑主语等于句子的主语。
简言之，我们以“现在分词：主动进行：过去分词：被动完成”为基本原则，作为判定究竞是应该用现在分词还是用过去分词的依据。
By sucking sap from the young twigs of the hemlock tree, tree growth is retarded by the woolly adelgid, causing needles to change color from deep green to grayish green and to drop prematurely.
A. tree growth is retarded by the woolly adelgid, causing needles to change color from deep green to grayish green and to drop
B. tree growth is retarded by the woolly adelgid, and this causes the color of needles to change from deep green to grayish green, and their dropping
C. the woolly adelgid retards tree growth, which causes needles to change color from deep green to grayish green, and dropping
D. the woolly adelgid retards tree growth, causing needles to change color from deep green to grayish green and to drop
E. the woolly adelgid retards tree growth, and this causes the color of needles to change from deep green to grayish green, and the their dropping
翻译：
蚜虫adelgid通过从年轻的铁杉树的枝条吸吮汁液，迟缓树木生长，导致针叶颜色从深绿色改变到灰绿色，并过早凋落。
句式：
By sucking sap from tree …, the woolly adelgid retards tree growth, causing needles to change color … and to drop prematurely.
思路：
见到 by sucking ,分词短语在句首，找逻辑主语来承担。见到 this ，which考虑指代修饰是否准确。见到and，考虑前后平行。
选项：
A. 吸取树汁只能是蚜虫，逻辑主语应该是wolly adelgid;
B. 同A，this不能单独指代前面的名词，必须this +n;
C. which 不能指代前面整个句子，只能就近指代growth;
D. 正确, 主句是the woolly adelgid retards tree growth，causing……伴随状语表结果;
E. this 不能单独指代。而且 to change and their dropping不平行。
》》点击了解GMAT语法分词的用法说明
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