全球经济迭荡起伏，职场上的风云变幻以及MBA就业市场的持续“牛市”使得越来越多的人踏上到国外读商学院的征途。他们希望通过国外名牌商学院毕业生的身份以及国际化的视野能使自己在未来的职业生涯中步步高升，如鱼得水。然而，到国外读商学院不可避免地要参加GRE考试。
GRE考试分为语文和数学两部分，以及不计入总分的写作部分。语文部分包括阅读、语法改错和逻辑分析，数学部分包括解答题目和数据充分性分析，其中，阅读理解是大家公认最难的一部分。下面主要针对各位考生最为棘手的阅读理解给出一些高分备考的建议。
GRE考查的是逻辑思维能力，因此不同于考查英语语言水平能力的托福和雅思考试。故而要求各位考生在备考时，务必适应GRE阅读思维。根据OG(The Official Guide for GRE Review),阅读文章的字数通常在350单词左右,文章体裁有社会科学、人文科学、生命科学和经济管理类等，因此考生不可能对以上体裁文章都有学术背景，而考试本身也不要求考生有背景知识。那么，在没有背景知识的情况下，若想很好地解答阅读题目，势必要具有一定的逻辑推理能力，这也就是GRE阅读要考查的能力。
下面就GRE考查的能力，帮助大家更好地了解阅读逻辑思维，从而在备考时多加练习以取得高分。考查能力如下：
(1)Understand words and statements. Although the questions do not test your vocabulary (they will not ask you to define terms), they do test your ability to interpret special meanings of terms as they are used in the reading passage. The questions also test your understanding of the English language. These questions may ask about the overall meaning of a passage. 简单来说，考查考生是否有能力理解文章中的术语和对英语这门语言的整体理解能力。请看下面文章：
The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant hormones is somewhat analogous to that of certain hormones in animal. For example, hormones from the hypothalamus in the brain stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release many different hormones, one of which stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex. These hormones have specific effects on target organs all over the body. One hormone stimulates the thyroid gland, for example, another ovarian follicle cells, and so forth. In other words, there is a hierarchy of hormones.
上面的文字出现了大量的专业词汇，比如pleiotropy，hypothalamus，nterior lobe of the pituitary gland，adrenal cortex，thyroid gland，ovarian follicle cells。对于中国考生而言，当看到文章生词较多时心理会有一种恐惧感，顿时会有一种心理暗示，即文章读不懂题目一定做不对。其实，在考试中这种情况是很常见的，在此提醒考生要有信息。下面具体来解释一下，hormone(中文：荷尔蒙)这个专业术语考生一定认识，整个文章的结构可以提炼出逻辑为: 1 结论+2 例子
The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant hormones is somewhat analogous to that of certain hormones in animal. For example…for example
请看下面的题目：
The passage suggests that the place of hypothalamic hormones in the hormonal hierarchies of animals is similar to the place of which of the following in plants?
(A) Plant cell walls
(B) The complement of genes in each plant cell
(C) A subset of a plant cell’s gene complement
(D) The five major hormones
(E) The oligosaccharins
解析：题干提炼为“动物的H荷尔蒙与植物的哪些荷尔蒙相似?”看到题干中的similar to,会想到文中的analogous to, 所以答案选择D。
从上面的分析可以看出，在考试时一定要把握住文章的整体理解能力。由于考试时每篇文章后面只有3-4道题，若文章有2-3段，那么平均每段只可能出1-2道题。如果看到有可能考查的1-2个句子，比如段首句、段尾句，或有强转折、强对比、强因果的句子，以及有正负评价的句子，段落中其他看不懂的句子暂时先跳读，这就是整体理解能力的应用。
(2)Understand the logical relationships between significant points and concepts. This type of questions may ask you to determine the strong and weak points of an argument or to evaluate the importance of arguments and ideas in a passage. 简单来说，考查考生理解观点逻辑关系的能力， 即此类问题需要考生评价文中某一观点的优点和缺点或者评价文中观点的重要性。
例如，在美国历史上，女性经常从事低工资、低技能的工作这种社会现象，经济学家提出了三种理论来解释。先提出A解释，说不能有效解释这种现象;然后提出B解释，将B解释也否定了;最后提出C解释，认为是合理的解释，可以有效解释女性经常从事低工资、低技能的工作这种社会现象。
现在我们来看看对A、B、C三种解释的评价：A解释是负评价;B解释是大负小正评价，整体是将B否定的，所以是大负的评价。那为什么B解释会有小正评价呢?因为后提出B解释，说明B有优于A解释的地方，所以B解释有小正评价;C解释正评价。具体看看一篇文章：
During the 1960’s and 1970’s, the primary economic development strategy of local governments in the United States was to attract manufacturing industries. Unfortunately, this strategy was usually implemented at another community’s expense. Through the transfer of jobs and related revenues that resulted from this practice, one town’s triumph could become another town’s tragedy.
In the 1980’s the strategy shifted from this zero-sum game (A situation in which a gain by one person or side must be matched by a loss by another person or side) to one called “high-technology development,” in which local governments competed to attract newly formed high-technology manufacturing firms. Although this approach was preferable to victimizing other geographical areas by taking their jobs, it also had its shortcomings.
Recently, local governments have increasingly come to recognize the advantages of yet a third strategy: the promotion of homegrown small businesses.
上面文章对于第一段谈到的经济发展战略manufacturing industries是负评价，由unfortunately看出来;对于第二段谈到的经济发展战略high-technology development是大负小正评价，有Although…preferable(+), shortconmg(-)看出来;对于第三段谈到的经济发展战略homegrown small businesses是正评价，由advantages看出来。
了解上面的逻辑关系对于了解阅读出题重点和快速阅读法有重要意义。GRE作者的倾向越向后越强，由此可以有下面的应试技巧：若一个自然段出现两个观点，阅读重心向后转移，第一个观点可以快速浏览或跳读。例如：
The general density dependence model can be applied to explain the founding of specialist firms (those attempting to serve a narrow target market). According to this model, specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimation and competitive forces, both of which are functions of the density (total number) of firms in a particular specialist population. Legitimation occurs as a new type of firm moves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed as a natural way to organize. At low density levels, each founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry and easing subsequent foundings. Competition occurs because the resources that firms seek--customers, suppliers, and employees--are limited, but as long as density is low relative to plentiful resources, the addition of another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of competition. At high density levels, however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. The more numerous the competitors, the fiercer the competition will be and the smaller will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field.
文中前面谈到At low density levels，后面谈到At high density levels，根据上面的方法，从At the low density levels…intensity of competition 的文字可以直接跳读。另外，从At high density levels后面的强转折词however,也可以看出后面是考查重点。
(3)Draw inferences from facts and statements. The inference questions will ask you to consider factual statements or information presented in a reading passage and, on the basis of that information, reach a general conclusion. 简单来说，要求考生在文中事实的基础上作出推论。由于美国人在思考问题时，是limited的思想，而中国考生思考问题时是unlimited，这就导致在推论时，中国考生会带上自己的主观意识或背景信息，这种做法是极其错误的。例如：
In addition, the human capital theory explains why there was a high concentration of women workers in certain low-skill jobs, such as weaving, but not in others, such as combing or carding, by positing that because of their primary responsibility in child rearing women took occupations that could be carried out in the home.
The passage suggests that combing and carding differ from weaving in that combing and carding are
(A) low-skill jobs performed primarily by women employees
(B) low-skill jobs that were not performed in the home
(C) low-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
(D) high-skill jobs performed outside the home
(E ) high-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
解析：相信很多考生会认为combing and carding是高技能，这就是主观造成的。原文women workers in certain low-skill jobs, such as weaving, but not in others, such as combing or carding，谈到weaving是低技能，but出现后很多考生主观地认为but后面的combing or carding是高技能。事实上but not in others出现了省略成分，补充完整后应该是but not in other low-skill jobs。故，答案选B。
针对主观的做法，希望各位考生在备考和考试时一定要规避背景知识和主观臆断，那么如何做到呢?简单来说，就是文章说什么就知道什么，文章说什么就相信什么。
(4)Understand and follow the development of quantitative concepts as they are presented in verbal material. This may involve the interpretation of numerical data or the use of simple arithmetic to reach conclusions about material in a passage. 简单来说，考查考生对数量概念关系的理解能力，即要求考生对文中的数字信息进行分析或者使用简单的数学运算。
请看下面的例子：
At the time, minorities constituted seventeen percent of the nation's population, but only four percent of the nation's self- employed. This ownership gap was held to be the result of past discrimination. Increasing the number of minority-owned firms was seen as a way to remedy this problem. In that context, providing funding to minority entrepreneurs in middle- and high-income brackets seemed justified.
It can be inferred that the “ownership gap” would be narrowed if which of the following were to occur?
(A) Minority entrepreneurs received a percentage of government contracts equal to that received by nonminority entrepreneurs.
(B) Middle- and high-income minority entrepreneurs gave more assistance to their low-income counterparts in the business community.
(C) Minority entrepreneurs hired a percentage of minority employees equal to the percentage of minority residents in their own communities.
(D) The percentage of self-employed minority persons rose to more than ten percent of all self-employed persons.
(E) Seventeen percent of all persons employed in small businesses were self-employed.
文章译文： 在当时，少数民族占整个国家人口的17%,但只占整个国家当老板人数的4%。这种所有权差距被认为是过去的歧视而形成的。增加少数民族企业的数量被看作是解决该问题的一种方法。在那样的环境下，给中高收入的少数民族企业提高资金资助似乎是合理的。
题目解析： 题干的ownership gap是指self-employed少数民族人数和非self-employed少数民族人数的差距。要缩小其差距只需要增加非self-employed少数民族人数的百分比就可以了。故答案选D。可见考查数量关系时，考生只需要清楚逻辑关系，不要求高深的数学知识。
提醒各位考生注意，若一个段落出现多个数字时，本段可以跳读，因为数量关系如何考查不清楚，若真的考查直接找有数字的段落定位也较为方便。
以上是GRE阅读要求的阅读思维方式，希望各位考生在备考时多加练习和应用，从而更好地在考试中提高阅读速度，提高读文章时预测考。
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