今天小编给大家带来的主要内容是2015年9月12日雅思阅读真题回忆,本次考试三篇文章为疑似三旧，其中英国海岸线确定为旧题，杂草及光的直射之前考试出现过，但是文章内容不尽相同。所以大家一定要看看考题回顾，以便更好地备考接下来的雅思阅读考试。
Passage 1 :
题名:The coming back of the "brome" Grass in Britain
内容：一种新型的杂草
题型：判断题8+配对题5
参考文章：(这篇文章内容相似，但仅供参考)
The coming back of the “brome” Grass in Britain
A It’s Britain's dodo, called interrupted brome because of its gappy seed-head, this unprepossessing grass was found nowhere else in the world. Sharp-eyed Victorian botanists were the first to notice it and by the 1920s the odd-looking grass had been found across much of southern England. Yet its decline was just as dramatic. By 1972 it had vanished from its last toe ho Id-two hay fields at Pampisford, near Cambridge. Even the seeds stored at the Cambridge University Botanic Garden as an insurance policy were dead, having been mistakenly kept at room temperature. Botanists mourned: a unique living- entity was gone forever.
B Yet reports of its demise proved premature. Interrupted brome has come back from the dead, and not through any fancy genetic engineering. Thanks to one green-fingered botanist, interrupted brome is alive and well and living as a pot plant Britain's dodo is about to become a phoenix, as conservationists set about relaunching its career in the wild.
C At first Philip Smith was unaware that the scrawny pots of grass on his bench were all that remained of a uniquely British species. But when news of the "extinction" of Bromus interruptus finally reached him， he decided to astonish his colleagues. He seized his opportunity at a meeting of the Botanical Society of the British Isles in Manchester in 1979, where he was booked to talk about his research on the evolution of the brome grasses. It was sad, he said, that interrupted brome had become extinct as there were so many interesting- questions botanists could have investigated. Then he whipped out two enormous pots of it. The extinct grass was very much alive.
D It turned out that Smith had collected seeds from the brome's last refuge at Pampisford in 1963, shortly before the species disappeared from the wild altogether. Ever since then， Smith had grown the grass on, year after year. So in the end the hapless grass survived not through some high-powered conservation scheme or fancy genetic manipulation, but simply because one man was interested in it. As Smith points out interrupted brome isn't particularly attractive and has no commercial value. But to a plant taxonomist that‘s not what makes a plant interesting.
E The brome's future, at least in cultivation, now seems assured. Seeds from Smith's plants have been securely stored in the state-of-the-art Millennium Seed Bank at Wakehurst Place in Sussex. And living plants thrive at the botanic gardens at Kew, Edinburgh and Cambridge. This year, "bulking up" is under way to make sure there are plenty of plants in all the garden， and sackfuls of seeds are being stockpiled at strategic sites throughout the country.
F The brome's relaunch into the British countryside is next on the agenda English Nature has included interrupted brome in its Species Recovery Programme, and it is on track to be reintroduced into the agricultural lands cape， if friendly farmers can be found. Alas, the grass is neither pretty nor useful —in fact, it is undeniably a weed, and a weed of a crop that nobody grows these days, at that. The brome was probably never common enough to irritate farmers, but no one would value it today for its productivity or its nutritious qualities. As a grass, it leaves agriculturalists cold.
G So where did it come from? Smith's research into the taxonomy of the brome grasses suggests that interruptus almost certainly mutated from another weedy grass, soft brome, hordeaceus. So close is the relationship that interrupted brome was originally deemed to be a mere variety of soft brome by the great Victorian taxonomist Professor Hackel. But in 1895, George Claridge Druce, a 45-year-old Oxford pharmacist with a shop on the High Street, decided that it deserved species status, and convinced the botanical world. Druce was by then well on his way to fame as an Oxford don, mayor of the city, and a fellow of the Royal Society， A poor boy from Northamptonshire and a self-educated man, Druce became the leading field botanist of his generate on. When Druce described a species botanists took note.
H The brome's parentage may be clear, but the timing of its birth is more obscure. According to agricultural historian Joan Thirsk, sainfoin and its friends made their first modest appearance in Britain in the early 1600s. Seeds brought in from the Continent were sown in pastures to feed horses and other livestock. But in those early days, only a few enthusiasts—mostly gentlemen keen to pamper their best horses —took to the new crops.
I Although the credit for the "discovery" of interrupted brome goes to a Miss A M. Barnard, who collected the first specimens at Odsey, Bedfordshire^ in 1849.The grass had probably lurked undetected in the English countryside for at least a hundred years. Smith thinks the botanical dodo probably evolved in the late 17th or early 18th century, once sainfoin became established.
J Like many once-common arable weeds, such as the corncockle, interrupted brome seeds cannot survive long in the soil. Each spring, the brome relied on farmers to resow its seeds; in the days before weedkillers and sophisticated seed sieves, an ample supply would have contaminated stocks of crop seed. But fragile seeds are not the brome's only problem: this species is also reluctant to release its seeds as they ripen. Show it a ploughed field today and this grass will struggle to survive, says Smith It will be difficult to establish in today's "improved" agricultural landscape, inhabited by notoriously vigorous competitors.
参考答案：
1. 草名称的来源是因为要灭绝 False
2. 草种没有被保存下来的原因是因为碰在室温环境下 True
3. EnglishNature从一个叫做 Garden的机构拿到草种 NotGiven
4. True
5. False
6. True
7. 草需要和草料一起成长才能存活True
8. Not Given
9. H研究出新物种的人
10. C推行新物种的人
11. G如何种植和收获这一物种
12. F
Passage 2 ：
题目：Coastal Archaeology of Britain
内容：英国沿海的考古学和考古学的历史
题型：选择题4+判断题6+多选题3
题号：旧题
文章参考：
Coastal Archaeology of Britain
A The recognition of the wealth and diversity of England's coastal archaeology has been one of the most important developments of recent years. Some elements of this enormous resource have long- been known. The so-called ^submerged forests' off the coasts of England, sometimes with clear evidence of human activity, had attracted the interest of antiquarians since at least the eighteenth century but serious and systematic attention has been given to the archaeological potential of the coast only since the early 1980s.
B It is possible to trace a variety of causes for this concentration of effort and interest. In the 1980s and 1990s scientific research into climate change and its environmental impact spilled over into a much broader public debate as awareness of these issues grew; the prospect of rising sea levels over the next century^ and their impact on current coastal environments, has been a particular focus for concern. At the same time , archaeologists were beginning to recognize that the destruction caused by natural processes of coastal erosion and by human activity was having an increasing impact on the archaeological resource of the coast.
C The dominant process affecting the physical form of England in the post- glacial period has been the rise in the altitude of sea level relative to the land, as the glaciers melted and the landmass readjusted. The encroachment of the sea, the loss of huge areas of land now under the North Sea and the English Channel and especially the loss of the land bridge between England and France, which finally made Britain an island, must have been immensely significant factors in the lives of our prehistoric ancestors. Yet the way in which prehistoric communities ad jus ted to these environmental changes has seldom been a major theme in discussions of the period. One factor contributing to this has been that, although the rise in relative sea level is comparatively well documented we know little about the constant reconfiguration of the coastline. This was affected by many processes, mostly quite, which have not yet been adequately researched. The detailed reconstruction of coastline histories and the changing environments available for human use will be an important theme for future research
D So great has been the rise in sea level and the consequent regression of the coast that each of the archaeological evidence now exposed in the coastal zone, whether being eroded or exposed as a buried land surface, is derived from what was originally terres-trial occupation. Its current location in the coastal zone is the product of later unrelated processes, and it can tell us little about past adaptations to the sea. Estimates of its significance will need to be made in the context of other related evidence from dry land sites. Nevertheless, its physical environment means that preservation is often excellent for example in the case of the Neolithic structure excavated at the Stumble in Essex
E In some cases these buried land surfaces do contain evidence for human exploitation of what was a coastal environment and elsewhere along the modem coast there is similar evidence. Where the evidence does relate to past human exploitation of the resources and the opportunities offered by the sea and the coast, it is both diverse and as yet little understood. We are not yet in a position to make even preliminary estimates of answers to such fundamental questions as the extent to which the sea and the coast affected human life in the past what percentage of the population at any time lived within reach of the sea, or whether human settlements in coastal environments showed a distinct character from those inland.
F The most striking evidence for use of the sea is in the form of boats, yet we still have much to learn about their production and use. Most of the known wrecks around our coast are not unexpectedly of post-medieval date, and offer an unparalleled opportunity for research which has as yet been little used. The prehistoric sewn-plank boats such as those from the Humber estuary and Dover all seem to belong- to the second millennium BC; after this there is a gap in the record of a millennium, which cannot yet be explained, before boats reappear, but built using a very different technology. Boatbuilding must have been an extremely important activity around much of our coast, yet we know almost nothing about it, Boats were some of the most complex artefacts produced by pre-modem societies, and further research on their production and use make an important contribution to our understanding of past attitudes to technology and technological change.
G Boats needed landing places, yet here again our knowledge is very patchy In many cases the natural shores and beaches would have sufficed, leaving little or no archaeological trace, but especially in later periods, many ports and harbors, as well as smaller facilities such as quays, wharves, and jetties, were built. Despite a growth of interest in the waterfront archaeology of some of our more important Roman and medieval towns, very little attention has been paid to the multitude of smaller landing places. Redevelopment of harbor sites and other development and natural pressures along the coast are subjecting these important locations to unprecedented threats, yet few surveys of such sites have been undertaken.
H One of the most important revelations of recent research has been the extent of industrial activity along the coast. Fishing- and salt production are among： the better documented activities, but even here our knowledge is patchy Many forms of fishing will leave little archaeological trace and one of the surprises of recent survey has been the extent of past investment in facilities for procuring fish and shellfish. Elaborate wooden fish weirs, often of considerable extent and responsive to aerial photography in shallow water, have been identified in areas such as Essex and the Severn estuary. The production of salt especially in the late Iron Age and early Roman periods, has been recognized for some time, especially in the Thames estuary and around the Solent and Poole Harbor, but the reasons for the decline of that industry and the nature of later coastal salt working are much less well understood. Other industries were also located along- the coast, either because the raw materials outcropped there or for ease of working and transport mineral resources such as sand, gravel, stone, coal, ironstone，and alum were all exploited. These industries are poorly documented， but their remains are sometimes extensive and striking.
I Some appreciation of the variety and importance of the archaeological remains preserved in the coastal zone, albeit only in preliminary form, can thus be gained from recent work, but the complexity of the problem of managing that resource is also being realised. The problem arises not only from the scale and variety of the archaeological remains, but also from two other sources: the very varied natural and human threats to the resource, and the complex web of organisations with authority over, or interests in, the coastal zone. Human threats include the redevelopment of historic towns and old dockland areas, and the increased importance of the coast for the leisure and tourism industries, resulting- in pressure for the increased provision of facilities such as marinas. The larger size of ferries has also caused an increase in the damage caused by their wash to fragile deposits in the intertidal zone. The most significant natural threat is the predicted rise in sea level over the next century especially in the south and east of England. Its impact on archaeology is not easy to predict, and though it is likely to be highly localized, it will be at a scale much larger than that of most archaeological sites. Thus protecting one site may simply result in transposing the threat to a point further along- the coast. The management of the archaeological remains will have to be considered in a much longer time scale and a much wider geographical scale than is common in the case of dry land sites, and this will pose a serious challenge for archaeologists.
部分答案回忆：
14. A
15. D
16. B (undocumented)
17. D
18. True英国大陆面积/减少发生在冰河世界之后
19. False
20. Not Given
21. True
22. True
23. 暂时无答案
24. B
25. D
26. F
(顺序可能有误，仅供参考)
Passage 3 ：
题目：Thomas Harroit — the discovery of refraction
内容：光的折射
题型：配对题6+填空题8
参考文章：(文章为部分回忆节选，仅供参考)
A When light travels from one medium to another, it generally bends, or refracts. The law of re fraction gives us a way of predicting the amount of bending. Refraction has many applications in optics and technology. A prism uses refraction to form an image of an object for many different purposes, such as magnification. A prism uses refraction to form colors from an incident beam of light Refraction also plays an important role in the information of a mirage and other illusions. ……
B A contemporary of Shakespeare. Elizabeth I. johannes Kepler and Galilei Galileo. Thomas Harriot (1560-1621) was in English scientist and mathematician. His principal biographer. J. W. Shirley, was quoted saying that in his time he was "England's most profound mathematician, most imaginative and methodical experimental scientist ".As a mathematician, he contributed to the development of algebra, and introduced the symbols of “>" and "<" for "more than*[1] and "less than ". He also studied navigation and astronomy. On September 17.1607, Harriot observed a comet later identified as Hailey-s. With his painstaking- observations, later workers were able to compute the comet's orbit. Harriot was also the first to use a telescope to observe the heavens in England. He made sketches of the moon in 1609. and then developed lenses of increasing magnification. By April 1611.he had developed a lens with a……
E experiments on re fraction in the 1590s, and from his notes it is dear that he had discovered the sine law at least as early as 1602. Around 1606. he had studied dispersion in prisms, predating Newton by around 60 years, measured the refractive indices of different liquids placed in a hollow glass prism, studied re fraction in crystal spheres, and correctly understood refraction in the rainbow before Descartes.
F As his studies of refraction.，Harriots discoveries in other fie Ids were largely unpublished during- his lifetime, and until this century. Harriot was known only for an account of his travels in Virginia published in 1588. and for a treatise on algebra published posthumously in 1631. The reason why Harriot kept his results unpublished is unclear. Harriot wrote to Kepler that poor health prevented him from providing more information，but it is also possible that he was afraid of the seventeenth century's English religious establishment which was suspicious of the work carried out by mathematicians and scientists.
G After the discovery of sunspots. Harriot's scientific work dwindled. On July 2 of 1621. Harriot died in London. But his story did not end with his death. Recent research has revealed his wide range of interests and his genuinely original discoveries. What some writers describe as his 'thousands upon thousands of sheets of mathematics and of scientific observations" appeared to be lost until 1784 when they were found in Henry Percy's country estate by one of Percy's descendants. She gave them to Franz Xaver Zach. her husband's son s tutor. Zach eventually put some of the papers in the hands of the Oxford University Press, but much work was required to prepare them for publication^ and it has never been done. Scholars have begun to study them, and an appreciation of Harriots contribution started to grow in the second half of the twentieth century. Harriot's study of refraction is but one example where his work overlapped with independent studies carried out by others in Europe, but in any historical treatment of optics his contribution rightfully deserves to be acknowledged.
参考答案：
27. 现在的发明设备和过去设备的对比 F
28. 为什么不上交研究作品 (倒数第二段)
29. B
33. optical
34. snell
35. land
36. language
37. simple
(顺序可能有误，仅供参考)
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