今天小编给大家带来的主要内容是2015年12月12日雅思阅读真题回忆,本次考试是三篇旧题，内容分别为乐观与健康，新西兰农民和儿童认知。最后一篇回忆不太全。大家可以参考剑桥真题相似文章，以便更好地备考接下来的雅思阅读考试。
Passage 1:
题目:Optimism & health
题型：判断题3+填空题6+配对题4
题号：旧题
文章大意：
主要讲述健康的心态和乐观之间的关系
参考文章(仅供参考)：
Optimism and Health
Mindset is all. How you start the year will set the template for 2009, and two scientifically backed character traits hold the key: optimism and resilience (if the prospect leaves you feeling pessimistically spineless, the good news is that you can significantly boost both of these qualities).
A Faced with 12 months of plummeting economics and rising human distress, staunchly maintaining a rosy view might seem deucedly Pollyannaish. But here we encounter the optimism paradox. As Brice Pitt, an emeritus professor of the psychiatry of old age at Imperial College, London, told me: optimists are unrealistic. Depressive people see things as they really are, but that is a disadvantage from an evolutionary point of view. Optimism is a piece of evolutionary equipment that earned us through millennia of setbacks.
B It has been known that optimistic has something to do with the long life, and optimists have plenty to be happy about. In other words, if you can convince yourself that things will get better, the odds of it happening will improve - because you keep on playing the game. In this light, optimism T,is a habitual way of explaining your setbacks to yourself', reports Martin Seligman, the psychology professor and author of Learned Optimism. The research shows that when times get tough, optimists do better than pessimists - they succeed better at work, respond better to stress, suffer fewer depressive episodes and achieve more personal goals.
C Studies also show that belief can help with the financial pinch. Chad Wallens, a social forecaster at the Henley Centre who surveyed middle-class Britons' beliefs about income, has found that the people who feel wealthiest, and those who feel poorest, actually have almost the same amount of money at their disposal. Their attitudes and behaviour patterns, however, are different from one another.“
D Optimists have something else to be cheerful about - in general, they are more robust. For example, a study of 660 volunteers by the Yale University psychologist Dr Becca Levy, found that thinking positively adds an average of 7years to your life. Other American research claims to have identified a physical mechanism behind this. A Harvard Medical School study of 670 men found that the optimists have significantly better lung function. The lead author. Dr Rosalind Wright, believes that attitude somehow strengthens the immune system. “Preliminaiy studies on heart patients suggest that, by changing a person' s outlook, you can improve their mortality risk, “ she says.
E Few studies have tried to ascertain the proportion of optimists in the world. But a 1995 nationwide survey conducted for the American magazine Adweek found that about half the population counted themselves as optimists, with women slightly more apt than men (53 per cent versus 48 per cent) to see the sunny side.
F Although some optimists may be accurate in their positive beliefs about the future, others may be unrealistic-their optimism is misplaced, according to American Psychological Association. Research shows that some smokers exhibit unrealistic optimism by underestimating their relative chances of experiencing disease. An important question is whether such unrealistic optimism is associated with risk-related attitudes and behavior. We addressed this question by investigating if one, s perceived risk of developing lung cancer, over and above one' s objective risk, predicted acceptance of myths and other beliefs about smoking. Hierarchical regressions showed that those individuals who were unrealistically optimistic were more likely to endorse beliefs that there is no risk of lung cancer if one only smokes for a few years and that getting lung cancer depends on one' s genes.
G Of course, there is no guarantee that optimism will insulate you from the crunch' s worst effects, but the best strategy
is still to keep smiling and thank your lucky stars. Because (as every good sports coach knows) adversity is character-forming -so long as you practise the skills of resilience. Research among tycoons and business leaders shows that the path to success is often littered with failure: a record of sackings, bankruptcies and blistering castigations. But instead of curling into a foetal ball beneath the coffee table, they resiliently pick themselves up, learn from their pratfalls and march boldly towards the next opportunity.
H The American Psychological Association defines resilience as the ability to adapt in the face of adversity, trauma or tragedy. A resilient person may go through difficulty and uncertainty, but he or she will doggedly bounce back.
I Optimism is one of the central traits required in building resilience, say Yale University investigators in the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. They add that resilient people learn to hold on to their sense of humour and this can help them to keep a flexible attitude when big changes of plan are warranted. The ability to accept your lot with equanimity also plays an important role, the study adds.
J One of the best ways to acquire resilience is through experiencing a difficult childhood, the sociologist Steven Stack reports in the Journal of Social Psychology. For example, short men are less likely to commit suicide than tall guys, he says, because shorties develop psychological defense skills to handle the bullies and mickey-taking that their lack of stature attracts. By contrast, those who enjoyed adversity-free youths can get derailed by setbacks later on because they' ve never been inoculated against agro
K Learning to overcome your fears. If you are handicapped by having had a happy childhood, then practising proactive optimism can help you to become more resilient. Studies of resilient people show that they take more risks; they court failure and learn not to fear it. And despite being thick-skinned, resilient types are also more open than average to other people. Bouncing through knock backs is all part of the process. It" s about optimistic risk-taking being confident that people will like you. Simply smiling and being warm to people can help. It' s an altruistic path to self-interest - and if it achieves nothing else, it will reinforce an age-old adage: hard times can bring out the best in you.
Questions 1-5
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than TWO words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
Optimists generally are more robust. Yale University psychologist Dr Becca Levy found that an extension of around 1 to your life will be achieved by positive attitude toward life. A Harvard Medical School conduct a research which study of 2 male volunteers found that the optimists have remarkably better 3. And Dr Rosalind Wright believes optimistic life may enhance the 4 "some initiative studies on S_ indicate that people can improve their mortality risk by changing into a positive outlook.
Questions 6-10
Use the information in the passage to match the people or organization (listed A-E) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet.
A Brice Pitt
B American Psychological Association
C Martin Seligman
D Chad Wallens of Henley Centre
E Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
F Steven Stack
G American magazine Adweek
6 Different optimism result found according to gender.
7 There is no necessary relationship between happiness and money.
8 Excessive optimism may be incorrect in everyday life.
9 Optimists is advantageous for human evolution.
10 Occurrence of emergency assists resilient people in a positive way.
Questions 11-14
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 27 In boxes 24-27on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement is true
NO if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN in the information is not given in the passage
24. The link between longevity and optimism has been known.
25 Optimists have better personal relationship than those pessimists.
26 People who had a happy childhood do not need to practise optimism.
27 Experience of difficulties will eventually help people accumulate the fortune.
参考答案：
14-18
1. 7 years
2 670
3 lung function
4 immune system
5 heart patients
6-7
6 G
7 D
8 B
9 A
10 E
11-14
11 YES
12 NOT GIVEN
13 NO
14 YES
Passage 2：
题目：Farmers
题型：配对题8+填空5
文章大意：
讲述新西兰一个mail order company 后来发展成卖各种东西的全球连锁公司，员工的幸福指数很高。
参考文章(仅供参考)：
The Farmers! Parade of History
A History of Farmers trading company：In 1909 Robert Laidlaw establishes mail-order company Laidlaw Leeds in Fort Street，Auckland. Then, Branch expansion: purchase of Green and Colebrook chain store; further provincial stores in Auckland and Waikato to follow. Opening of first furniture and boot factory. In 1920, Company now has 29 branches; Whangarei store purchased. Doors open at Hobson Street for direct selling to public. Firm establishes London and New York buying offices. With permission from the Harbour Board, the large FARMERS electric sign on the Wyndham Street frontage is erected.
B In 1935, if the merchandise has changed, the language of the catalogues hasn" t. Robert Laidlaw, the Scottish immigrant who established the century-old business, might have been scripting a modern-day television commercial when he told his earliest customers: Satisfaction, or your money back. "It was the first money back guarantee ever offered in New Zealand by any firm, says Ian Hunter, business historian. "And his mission statement was, potentially, only the second one ever found in the world. “Laid law" s stated aims were simple to build the greatest business in New Zealand, to simplify every transaction, to eliminate all delays, to only sell goods; it would pay the customer to buy.
C This year, the company that began as a mail-order business and now employs 3500staff across 58 stores turns 100. Its centenary will be celebrated with the release of a book and major community fundraising projects, to be announced next week. Hunter, who is writing the centenary history, says "coming to a Farmers store once a week was a part of the New Zealand way of life". By I960, one in every 10 people had an account with the company. It was the place where teenage girls shopped for their first bra, where newlyweds purchased their first dinner sets, where first pay cheques were used to pay off hire purchase furniture, where Santa paraded every Christmas.
D Gary Blumenthar s mother shopped there, and so does he. The fondest memory for the Rotorua resident? "We were on holiday in Auckland ... I decided that up on the lookout tower on top of the Farmers building would be a unique place to fit the ring on my new fiancee' s finger. The lovebirds, who had to wait for "an annoying youth" to leave the tower before they could enjoy their engagement kiss, celebrate their 50th wedding anniversary in June.
E Farmers, says Hunter, has always had a heart. This, from a 1993 North & South interview with a former board chairman, Rawdon Busfield: "One day I was in the Hobson Street shop and I saw a woman with two small children. They were clean and tidily dressed, but poor, you could tell. That week we had a special on a big bar of chocolate for one shilling. I heard the woman say to her boy, "no, your penny won" t buy that" . He wasn" t wearing shoes. So I went up to the boy and said, "Son, have you got your penny?' He handed it to me. It was hot he' d had it in his hand for hours. I took the penny and gave him the chocolate.
F Farmers was once the home of genteel tearooms, children' s playgrounds and an annual sale of celebration for birthday of Hector the Parrot (the store mascot died, aged 131, in the 1970s his stuffed remains still occupy pride of place at the company" s head office). You could buy houses from Farmers. Its saddle factory supplied the armed forces, and its upright grand overstrung pianos offered "the acme of value" according to those early catalogues hand-drawn by Robert Laidlaw himself. Walk through a Farmers store today and get hit by bright lights and big brands. Its Albany branch houses 16 international cosmetics companies. It buys from approximately 500 suppliers, and about 30% of those are locally owned.
G "Eight, 10 years ago, •• says current chief executive Rod McDermott, "lots of brands wouldn" t partner with us. The stores were quite distressed. We were first price point focused, we weren" t fashion focused. "Remove the rose-tinted nostalgia, and Farmers is, quite simply, a business, doing business in hard times. Dancing with the Stars presenter Candy Lane launches a clothing line? "We put a trial on, and we thought it was really lovely, but the uptake wasn’ t what we thought it would be. It" s got to be what the customer wants, says McDermott.
H He acknowledges retailers suffer in a recession: "We" re celebrating 100 years because we can and because we should." Farmers almost didn" t pull through one economic crisis. By the mid 1980s, it had stores across the country. It had acquired the South Island" s Calder Mackay chain of stores and bought out Hay wrights. Then, with sales topping $375 million, it was taken over by Chase Corporation. Lincoln Laidlaw, now aged 88, and the son of the company" s founder, remembers the dark days following the stock market crash and the collapse of Chase. "I think, once, Farmers was like a big family and all of the people who worked for it felt they were building something which would ultimately be to their benefit and to the benefit of New Zealand... then the business was being divided up and so that kind of family situation was dispelled and it hasn" t been recovered. "For a turbulent few years, the stores were controlled, first by a consortium of Australian banks and later Deka, the Maori Development Corporation and Foodland Associated Ltd. In 2003, it went back to "family" ownership, with the purchase by the James Pascoe Group, owned by David and Anne Norman the latter being the great-granddaughter of James Pascoe, whose first business interest was jewellery.
J "Sheer power of the brand, says McDermott, "pulled Farmers through and now we" re becoming the brand it used to be again." Farmers were the company that, during World Warn, topped up the wages of any staff member disadvantaged by overseas service. Robert Laidlaw a committed Christian who came to his faith at a 1902 evangelistic service in Dunedin concluded his original mission statement with the words, "all at it, always at it, wins success". Next week, 58 Farmers stores across the country will announce the local charities they will raise funds for in their centenary celebration everything from guide dog services to hospices to volunteer fire brigades will benefit. Every dollar raised by the community will be matched by the company. "It' s like the rebirth of an icon, says McDermott.
Questions 15-19
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A -J. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-Jf in boxes
19 on your answer sheet
15 Generosity offered in an occasion for helping the poor E
16 Innovation of offer made ahead of modem-time business by the head of company. B
17 Fashion was not chosen as its strong point. G
18 A romantic event on a memorial venue dedicating to Farmers. D
19 Farmers was sold to a private owned company. I
Questions 20-24
Complete the sentence below.
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 20-24 on your answer sheet.
Farmers was first founded as a 20 in Auckland by Mr. Laidlaw. Farmers developed fast and bought one 21 then.
During oversea expansion, Farmers set up 22in major cities outside New Zealand. Farmers held a 23 in a sale once a year for the company" s mascot animal Some senior employee considered Farmers as a 24 both for themselves and for the whole country.
20 mail-order company
21 chain store
22 buying offices
23 celebration
24 big family
Questions 25-27 Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes25-27on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once
A Lincoln Laidlaw
B Rod McDermott
C Ian Hunter
25 Product became worse as wrong aspect focused. B
26 An unprecedented statement made by Farmers in New Zealand.C
27 Character of the company was changed. A
Passage 3 :
题名：儿童认知cognition
题型：判断题7+填空4+单选3
文章大意：
讲述儿童如何认知世界,做错事认知世界的态度。
答案：待补充
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