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深入剖析雅思大作文论证方式之举例及解释

信息来源:网络  发布时间:2015-09-07

  备考雅思大作文考试,考生想要写得优秀,又怎能缺少合理的论据呢。本文为大家深入剖析雅思大作文论证方式之举例及解释,希望考生多多参考学习,定能对你有所帮助。

  雅思考试大作文的评分标准Task Response里提出了三点要求:1. addresses all parts of the task; 2.presents a position; 3. presents, extends and supports mainideas。对这三项完成情况的不同决定了不同的分数。在考生写作时,完成题目所有要求和有明确的立场(即文章要以题干所提供的话题或观点为依据,覆盖双方观点或就利弊展开讨论,提出自己倾向的观点)并不难,但是如何展开自己的mainideas,并且符合relevant, fully extended and well supported这三个要求时,很多学生就感觉无从下笔了。

  展开观点的方法叫做论证方法,常见的有四种:举例,因果,对比和解释。在这篇文章中我们重点讨论举例论证与解释论证。

  首先,我们先来谈谈举例论证。

  一、外显连接

  所谓外显连接是指用特定的连接词将相关信息进行连接。通常情况下,例子作为论据由for example, for instance, like, such as, take… as 等引出。

  如:It is undeniable that mobile phones have facilitated our lives in many different ways. For example, when an emergency occurs, such as a traffic accident or a violent crime, mobile phones can help the victims to call the police or an ambulance immediately for help.

  本例中,for example 引出例子论证“mobile phones have facilitated our lives in many different ways.” 而后面的 such as 则引出emergency 的具体形式。For instance 与它的用法完全相同,即后面要接句子例证。Like, such as, take…as 等直接名词(或相当于名词的词)。由于这些都是基本常识,这里不再赘述。

  为了使连接词多样化,建议考生运用下面的一些短语(或句式)连接论点和论据:

  …is a case in point;

  …serve as a typical example

  …can be taken as an example;

  one example is that…

  another one is that…

  如:Working part time when you are studying in university is beneficial to your life. I myself is a case in point(or ‘my experiences serve as a typical independent and responsible.example’). Through those experiences, I have learned to be

  二、内化连接

  实际上,大家看原汁原味的文英文文章会发现有些信息的连接不用外显式,而是通过某些特定的词或者特定的方式给读者以清晰的层次感,从而使文章信息传递更通畅。

  下面我们来看一下哪些例证可以省去连接词,实现内化连接。

  1、人物经历作例子

  其中的人物可以是名人,Thomas Edison gave us an example that success only comes after persistence and hard work。也可以是作者自己的亲身经历,I remember that ten years ago cell phones were unusual and seldom seen。

  人物经历作例子因为其较强的故事性而引人关注。但是切记,如果运用名人做例证,要注意信息的准确性; 如果运用自己的亲身经历做例子则要注意例子选择是否典型、有说服力。但是无论怎样,有人物经历时,一定会给人以非常明确的细节信息的感觉,所以完全可以省去连接词。

  2、数字信息作例子

  引入带有数字信息的例证,除可以更具体、更详实的说明观点外,也可以内化连接词,因为数字信息所要传递的一定是一个量化的概念,而这一概念就是它所要论证的中心。

  看个例子:

  The work was immense: filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own time.

  例子中immense是观点中心词,后面的具体数字都是对这一中心词的佐证。(当然我们不要忘记这里“:”也是在帮助这段文字内化连接,相当于“for example”)

  3、专有名词信息作例子

  人名、地名属于细节信息的范畴,也经常出现在例证中,以一种’fact’的形式出现。

  如:

  Air pollution is increasingly becoming the focus of government and citizen concern around the globe. From Mexico City and New York to Singapore and Tokyo, new solutions to this old problem are being proposed and implemented with ever increasing speed.

  当你看到这些地名时,一定会想到它们是某一类具有相同性质的地域的代表,那么自然也就是’点’信息,而非‘面’信息,从而可以省去连接词的使用,却依然保持主次分明。

  其它诸如期刊杂志名、书名等专有名词也可以有类似的用法。

  4、一些小的介词(短语)引导例子

  如果大家注意总结,会发现雅思阅读文章中有一些介词(短语)也可以引出例子。

  如:from…to: Toughened glass is found everywhere, from cars and bus shelters to the windows, walls and roofs of thousands of buildings around the world.

  再如:including: …..

  Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, catalysts and hexa.

  这里including 相当于such,like等。

  综上,举例论证除了需要牢牢掌握大家熟知的表举例的连接词外,还要注意积累一些隐去连接词却嵌入一些表细节信息的词汇的情况,或者注意学习老外用标点符号以及被我们轻视的一些小词来标示文章层次的巧妙的做法。

  同时,同学们也要关注一下,人物经历和事实信息(尤其是带有数字、专有名词的事实)作例证更有说服力也非常容易掌握。所以同学们要从举例论证的连接词、常用例子类型等角度全面掌握举例论证,从而让举例论证更好地论证观点,更好的为雅思大作文服务。

  接下来,我们来谈谈解释论证。

  将一个观点进行解释有三个方法:

  1. if…will/would

  2. without …will/would

  3. in other words

  一: 正面论证 if…will/would

  Advocates of this believe that today’s sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions mean that physical activity is no longer part of either our work or our leisure time. If there were easy-to-reach local sports centres, we would be more likely to make exercise a regular part of our lives, rather than just collapsing in front of a screen every evening. (C9 T3)

  考官范文中给出的观点是:如今终日伏案的生活方式和紧张的工作环境使体育活动从我们的工作和休闲生活中消失。由于本段是写Advocates的观点,即增加体育设施对提高公众健康有好处,所以观点之后紧跟着有进一步的解释:如果当地有近便的体育活动中心,那么我们就很有可能将体育运动作为生活的一部分,而不是每晚都瘫坐在屏幕前。

  正面论证更像是对观点所产生结果的进一步列举,比如谈到出国的好处:出国可以提高语言水平,如果一个人出国,他会与nativespeaker直接接触,从而有了更多面对面练习语言的机会。

  二:反面论证 without … will/would

  Good musicians or artists and exceptional sports stars have probably succeeded because of both good training and natural talent. Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive, and without the training, the child would not learn how to exploit and develop their talent. (C7 T1)

  范文中观点是:杰出的音乐家,艺术家和体育名星的成功是训练和天赋的结合。作者用了两个without从反面进行解释论证:没有天赋,连续训练可能既乏味又没有效果;没有训练,孩子们就不知道如何开发利用他们的才能。

  反面论证是从“如果没有…”这个角度去扩充思路。比如说到政府与环境的话题:政府应该加大对污染企业的监管,如果没有政府的监督和管理,那些污染企业就可以在排放污染的同时获利,并且逃脱惩罚,这样对社会和环境治理都是极其不利的。

  三:解释 in other words

  解释并不是把一句话换几个同义词再写一遍,这个看似简单的短语前后有着很大的奥妙,看看考官是如何利用这个方法的。

  Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, thequality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.). (C4 T2)

  作者认为要获得幸福的一个更重要的因素是:to keep clear perspectives inlife。这是一个很抽象的概念,如何做到这一点呢?范文中用了by that Imean来做进一步解释:也就是要知道生命中什么是重要的什么是不重要的。这是一个从抽象到具体的解释。

  再如:

  …They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardless of price, and to behave as they please. This means that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from. (C4 T4)

  This meansthat前面的内容是由于出生率降低,孩子们被宠坏的具体表现,后面讲他们在成长的过程中很少为他人考虑,也从来不思考他们的幸福生活是从何而来。这是一个从具体到抽象的总结。

  类似的短语还有:

  It means

  That is to say

  In other words

  To put it another way

  By that I mean

  以上就是深入剖析雅思大作文论证方式之举例及解释的详细介绍,大家在了解之后,还是要多加练习,通过练习才会知道自己是否真正掌握,也才会不断改进。希望考生朋友们考出理想的雅思成绩,更多雅思备考经验我们将会陆续为大家更新,欢迎咨询我们的热线电话400-890-6000。

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