新托福考试虽然不再对语法进行单独的考查，但实际上是把语法知识渗透到了听、说、读、写的各个方面。下面小编为大家讲解托福核心语法之代词的用法，一起来学习一下吧。
课程目录：
1. 代词概述
2. 托福阅读——指代题&句子插入题
3. 浅谈it——强调句型
1. 代词概述
根据功能的不同，代词可分为关系代词、不定代词、指示代词、人称代词和其他代词。
(1)关系代词
作用：引导定语从句(which/that/who/whom/whose)，在从句中充当主语、宾语或定语。
注意：关系代词必须与先行词保持一致。
(2)人称代词
分为五种：主格、宾格、形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词、反身代词。
注意：人称代词必须与它所指代的名词保持人称、形式和数的一致。
(3)指示代词
指示代词主要包括：this/that/these/those。
注意：指示代词必须与它所指代的名词在数上保持一致。
(4)不定代词
并不明确代指某个名词的代词：anybody/anything/nothing/both/each等。
注意：不定代词没有所指代的名词，以-one结尾的代词比以-body结尾的代词更正式。
(5)其他代词
代替刚提到过的名词或其他：the first/the former/the latter
下面我们来看几个例句：
例1：A true friend is a person who is willing to give you hand when you are in trouble.
句中包含一个定语从句，关系代词“who”在从句中充当的是主语，先行词“a person”是单数，因此从句的谓语也要用单数“is”。
例2：Honesty, hard-working, humor---those characteristics affect us a lot when we choose a friend.
句中的代词“those”指的是前面三方面的内容，因此谓语动词要用单数“affect”。
例3：Anything is possible before we make the final decision.
句子的主语是不定代词“Anything”，谓语要用单数形式“is”。
2. 托福阅读——指代题 & 句子插入题
(1)指代题
托福阅读指代题就是直接考查代词的一种题型，一般情况下，代词的照应关系主要分为三种：
1) 前照应：指代对象出现在下文，代词出现在上文;
例：When he was at college, Jim showed a great interest in English literature.
2) 后照应：指代对象出现在上文，代词出现在下文;
例：No one likes living on the brink of a nuclear war and there have been many attempts to change this.
3) 语境照应：指代对象未在上下文中表示，存在于特定语境中。
例：(Susan is rushing to the river) Look, she is approaching the river.
解答托福阅读指代题要遵循四个原则：
① 看本句再看邻句;
② 先向前看，再向后看;
③ 复杂句简化;
④ 主语或关键词即答案。
例1：It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
The word“it”in the passage refers to
A. Pakicetus
B. Fish
C. Life
D. ocean
代词“it”在最后一句，因此就只能往前看了。前面是一个复杂句，句中的“It”作的是形式主语，真正的主语是“that”后面的内容，描述对象是“Pakicetus”，因此最后一句中的代词“it”指代的就是“Pakicetus”,A选项是正确的。
例2：As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
The word“they”in the passage refers to
A. valleys
B. trees
C. heights
D. ridges
我们先看代词前面的一句话：“As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges”这是一个由“As”引导的状语从句，句子的主语是“trees”。这时我们把“trees”代替代词“they”，看是不是符合逻辑。经过分析，是合理的，因此正确答案就是B选项。
(2)句子插入题
解答托福阅读句子插入题要遵循四个原则：
① 留意过渡词，找出相应的逻辑关系;
② 保证句子被插入后，上下文之间的语法一致;
③ 找出代词所指代的对象。
例1：Scholars offer three related but different opinions about this puzzle.■One opinion is that the paintings were a record of the seasonal migrations made by herds.■Because some paintings were made directly over others, obliterating them, it is probable that a painting's value ended with the migration it pictured.■Unfortunately, this explanation fails to explain the hidden locations, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies.■
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
All three of them have strengths and weaknesses, but none adequately answers all of the questions the paintings present.
Where would the sentence best fit?
被插入句中出现了代词“All three of them”，出现这样的句子，要么是位于段落的开头，要么是位于段落的结尾，段落是一个“总-分”或者“分-总”的结构。那么这个“three”代指的是谁呢?原文中第一句就提到了“three related but different opinions”，那么是不是代指的这三种观点呢?接着往后看，从第二句一直到段落最后一句，一直都是在说一种观点，没有提到第二种观点，因此这段话应该是总分结构，被插入句应该放在段落的开头部分，也就是第一个方块的位置。
例2：■The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.■The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil.■This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.■
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.
Where would the sentence best fit?
被插入句中出现了代词“this”,指代的是“economic reliance(经济依赖)”，那么原文中某个位置一定提到了相关的内容，后面才可以插入这句话。回到原文，第一句话是说饲养牲畜在半干旱地区是一种主要的经济活动，实际上也就是对插入句的同义转换，因此把插入句放在第二个方块处最合适。
例3：Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen.■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists.■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers.■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.
Where would the sentence best fit?
根据被插入句中的提示词“This new form of manufacturing”我们可以知道，原文中某个位置一定提到了某种新型的生产形式。通过阅读原文我们发现，第三个方块之前的内容都是在讲1815年之前的情况，第三个方块后开始讲1815年之后的变化，即新的生产形式开始出现，后面的内容都是围绕新的生产形式来讲的。因此，把插入句放在第四个方块的位置最合适。
(3)代词it的特殊用法——强调句
强调句的句子结构：it is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他，被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，状语等。
例：For me, every time I get into the book store to choose books, I am always attracted by the package first and foremost.
这句话改成强调句就成了：For me, it is the package that attracts me first and the most every time I get into the book store to choose books.
使用强调句需注意：
1)如果强调的是主语，那么who/that之后的谓语动词应该在人称和数上和原句中的主语保持一致。例如：It is the students who/that are organizing the party.
2)若强调状语或状语从句，要用that引导从句，而不能用when，where，because等，而且that通常不能省略。例如：It is at the gate of the museum that they met each other.
3)被强调的成分是作主语的代词，用主格;是作宾语的代词，用宾格。例如：
It is she that called me last night.
It is me that she called last night.
4)被强调部分既包括人又包括物时，用that不用who。例如：It is Mr. Liu and his house that they are talking about.
以上就是托福核心语法之代词的用法，希望能给考生的学习带来帮助。最后，小编祝愿各位考生在托福考试中取得好成绩!
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