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TPO 12 Lecture 3 Music history
Professor：The word opera means work, actually it means works. It’s the plural of the word opus from the Latin. And in Italian it refers in general to works of art. Opera Lyric or lyric of opera refers to what we think of as opera, the musical drama.Opera was commonplace in Italy for almost thousands of years before it became commercial as a venture. And during those years, several things happened primarily linguistic or thematic and both involving secularization.Musical drama started in the churches. It was an educational tool. It was used primarily as a vehicle for teaching religion and was generally presented in the Latin, the language of the Christian Church which had considerable influence in Italy at that time. But the language of everyday life was evolving in Europe and at a certain point in the middle ages it was really only merchants, Socratics and clergy who can deal with Latin. The vast majority of the population used
their own regional vernacular in all aspects to their lives. And so in what is now Italy, operas quit being presented in Latin and started being presented in Italian. And once that happened, the themes of the opera presentations also started to change. And musical drama moved from the church to the plaza right outside the church. And the themes again, the themes changed. And opera was no longer about teaching religion as it was about satire and about expressing the ideas of society your government without committing yourself to writing and risking imprisonment or persecution, or what have you.Opera, as we think of it, is of course a rather restive form. It is the melodious drama of ancient Greek theater, the term ‘melodious drama’ being shortened eventually to ‘melodrama’ because operas frequently are melodramatic, not to say unrealistic. And the group that put the first operas together that we have today even, were, they were…well…it was a group of men that included Gallo Leo’s father Venchesil, and they met in Florence he and a group of friends of the counts of the party and they formed what is called the Camarola Dayir Bardy. And they took classical theater and reproduced it in the Renaissance’s time. This…uh…this produced some of the operas that we have today.
Now what happened in the following centuries is very simple. Opera originated in Italy but was not confined to Italy any more than the Italians were. And so as the Italians migrated across Europe, they carried theater with them and opera specifically because it was an Italian form. What happened is that the major divide in opera that endures today took place. The French said opera auto-reflect the rhythm and Kevin of dramatic literature, bearing in mind that we are talking about the golden age in French literature. And so the music was secondary, if you will, to the dramatic Kevin of language, to the way the rhythm of language was used to express feeling and used to add drama and of course as a result instead of arias or solos, which would come to dominated Italian opera. The French relied on that what is the Italian called French Word 1 or French Word 2 in English. The lyrics were spoken, frequently to the accomp**nt of a harpsichord.The French said you really cannot talk about real people who lived in opera and they relied on mythology to give them their characters and their plots, mythology, the past old traditions, the novels of chivalry or the epics of chivalry out of the middle Ages. The Italian said, no this is a great historical tool and what a better way to educate the public about Neo or Attalla or any number of people than to put them into a play they can see and listen to. The English appropriated opera after the French. Opera came late to England because all
theaters, public theaters were closed, of course, during their civil war. And it wasn’t until the restoration in 1660 that public theaters again opened and opera took off. The English made a major adjustment to opera and exported what they had done to opera back to Italy. So that you have this circle of musical influences, the Italians invented opera, the French adapted it, the English adopted it, and the Italians took it back.It came to America late and was considered to elites for the general public. But Broadway musicals fulfilled a similar function for a great long while. George Champon wrote about opera, “If an extraterrestrial being or two appear before us and say, what is your society like, what is this Earth thing all about, you could do worse than take that creature to an opera.” Because opera does, after all, begin with a man and a woman and any motion.
《音乐史》
教授：“歌剧”这个词的意思是“作品”。实际上，它的意思是“很多作品”，它是拉丁语中“opus”的复数形式。在意大利语中，它总体指的就是艺术作品。“Opera Lyrica”或者“Lyricof opera”，指的就是我们说的歌剧，一音乐戏剧。上千年了，歌剧在意大利一直都很普通，直到它作为一种行当被商业化了。而在那几年，一些事情发生了，主要是语言和主题的变化，而且两者都涉及到了世俗化(secularization)的过程。歌剧是从教堂里发源来的。它是一种教育工具，用来教授宗教，而且多数是由拉丁语写成的。拉丁语是教堂使用的语言，而且在意大利影响很广。但欧洲民间的日常用语在演变，在中世纪的某段时间，真的只有贵族、商人和神职人员才会拉丁文。在生活的大多数时间里，大多数人都会用地方土话(vernacular)。所以在意大利，歌剧不再用拉丁文了，而开始使用意大利语。一旦这发生了，歌剧表达的主题也开始发生了改变。
而且音乐剧从教堂搬到了教堂外面的广场上。还有就是主题，主题也变了。歌剧不再是关于教授宗教，而是讽刺剧，关于社会还有你的政府，还不用担心因为书面上的东西而被扔进监狱或者受到迫害等等。歌剧，当我们想它的时候，其实是一个被复兴(resurrected)的艺术。它是富有声调优美的一段戏剧，源自古希腊剧院。“声调优美的戏剧”(melodious drama)被最终简化成了“情节剧”(melodrama)，因为歌剧往往是音乐性的，而且有戏剧情节的，甚至超现实的。创作出第一部我们现在可知的戏剧的人们中，有一位是伽利略(Galileo)的父亲凡山杜(Venchesil)。他和一群朋友在佛罗伦萨碰面了，然后组建了一个乐队，叫做 Camarola DayirBardy)。他们把传统戏剧在文艺复兴时期重新演绎了。这产生了一些我们现在看到的一些歌剧。那么，在接下来的几个世纪里发生的事情很简单。歌剧发源于意大利，但就像意大利人，它并不只被禁锢在了意大利。当意大利移民横跨欧洲，他们带来了戏剧，尤其是歌剧，因为它就是意大利特色的。今天我们看到的歌剧的格局就在那时候形成了。法国人认为歌剧就应该反映戏剧文学的韵律性和节奏性(cadence)，想想看我们讲的是黄金时代的法国，所以他们将音乐的重要性置于音韵优美的表达之后(表达情感，增加戏剧性)。
所以自然而然，与其像意大利歌剧的主导风格——咏叹调(arias)和独唱，法国人主要使用吟咏调，这种形式中，歌词通常被朗诵出来，伴有大提琴伴奏。法国人认为，歌剧中不应该谈论普通人，所以他们在神话中寻找可以赋人物的性格和情节，从神话故事，过去的传统故事，骑士小说，中世纪的骑士史诗等等。可意大利人觉得，不，歌剧可是一个记录历史的好工具，可以通过看和听，来用来教授人们关于尼罗(古罗马皇帝)和匈奴王的功绩。英国人在法国人之后也接受了歌剧。歌剧进入英国很晚，因为所有的剧院，公共剧场，都在他们的内战中停业了。直到 1660 的修复令才使得公共剧院重新开放，而歌剧随之进入了英国。英国人为意大利歌剧做出了进一步的改进，并将它们输入回了意大利。所以你看到了音乐互相影响而形成的环状效应。意大利人发明了歌剧，法国人修改了它，英国人吸收了它，而意大利人又收回了歌剧。歌剧传进美国的时间较晚，并被看作是脱离大众的精英文化。但百老汇的音乐剧在很长一段时间里扮演了相似的角色。John.J.Chapman 在写关于歌剧时说“如果一两个外星物种突然出现问我们：你的社会是什么样，地球到底是什么回事?你至少可以带着它去看歌剧。”因为歌剧确实，不管怎样，是由一个男人，一个女人，和随便什么动作开始的。
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