下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO19原文中Conversation 1的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时，大家也可以登录前程百利论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。
TPO 19 Conversation 1
Student：Hi, professor Handerson. That was a really interesting lecture in class today.
Professor：Thanks, Tom. Yeah, animals’ use of deception, ways they play tricks on other animals, that’s a fascinating area. One we are really just starting to understand.
Student：Yeah, you know, selective adaptations over time are one thing. Oh, like, non-poisonous butterflies, that have come to look like poisonous ones. But the idea that animals of the same species intentionally deceive each other, I have never heard that before.
Professor：Right, like, there are male frogs who lower their voices and end up sounding bigger than they really are.
Student：So they do that to keep other frogs from invading their territory ?
Professor：Right, bigger frogs have deeper voices, so if a smaller frog can imitate that deep voice. Well ...
Student：Yeah, I can see how that might do the trick. But, anyway, what I wanted to ask was, when you started talking about game theory. Well, I know a little bit about it, but I am not clear about its use in biology.
Professor：Yeah, it is fairly new to biology. Basically, it uses math to predict what an individual would do under certain circumstances. But for example, a buisness sells, oh computer, say, and they want to sell their computers to a big university. But there is another company bidding too. So, what should they do?
Student：Well, try to offer the lowest price so they can compete, but still make money.
Professor：Right, they are competing, like a game, like the frogs. There are risks with pricing too high, the other company might get the sale, there is also the number and types of computers to consider. Each company has to find a balance between the cost and benefits. Well, game theory creates mathematical models that analyze different conditions like this to predict outcomes.
Student：Ok, I get that. But how does it apply to animals ?
Professor：Well, you know, if you are interested in this topic, it would be perfect for your term paper.
Student：The literature review ?
Professor：Yeah, find three journal articles about this or another topic that interests you and discuss them. If there is a confict in the conclusions or something, that would be important to discuss.
Student：Well, from what I have looked at dealing with game theory, I can’t say I understand much of the statistics end.
Professor：Well, I can point you to some that presents fairly basic studies, that don’t assume much background knowledge. You’ll just need to answer a few specific questions: What was the researchers’ hypothesis? What did they want to find out? And how did they conduct their research? An then the conclusions they came to. Learning to interpret these statistics will come later.
学生：你好，汉德森教授!今天你的课真的是太精彩了!
教授：谢谢，汤姆。嗯，动物的欺骗，以及他们如何戏弄别的动物，是一个很有趣的研究领域，而且我们也才刚刚起步。
学生：是的，一段时间内的选择性适应就是其中一个方面。譬如，嗯，无毒的蝴蝶，会在一段时间内，渐渐看上去跟有毒的类型一个样了。但是，某些动物会刻意欺骗他们同类的这个想法，我之前从来没有听说过。
教授：好吧，我举一个例子，比如，雄性青蛙在鸣叫的时候，会降低鸣叫的音高，使得它们的声音更低沉，比他们本来的叫声底。
学生：这样的话，他们就能保卫自己的领地，使得别的青蛙不敢侵犯吗?
教授：对的，个头越大的青蛙，鸣叫的声音音高也就越低，所以，如果小个儿的青蛙能够模仿这种叫声的话，嗯
学生：好的，我能猜到他们是怎样做到的。但是，我真正想知道的是，你提到过的博弈论。嗯，我虽然知道一点，但我不知道它在生物学上的应用。
教授：是这样的，这个理论对于生物学还是非常新的。基本上说，它依靠数学计算来预计某一个动物个体在某一种特定环境下的反应。比如说，做生意吧，比如买电脑，如果电脑商想要把电脑卖给一个规模大的大学，而另一个公司也在竞标。这样的话，他们会怎么做呢?
学生：嗯，在能够赚钱的前提下，相互竞争，给出尽量低的价格。
教授：答对了，他们会竞争，就像一场游戏一样，就像我们刚才讲的青蛙一样。他们都面临着这样的境况，即如果给的标价太高，另一家公司就会拿下订单;而且，他们还要考虑出售电脑的数量和种类。每家公司都要在成本和盈利之间争取平衡。而博弈论呢，可以帮助他们建立起数学模型，并以之分析不同条件下可能的结果会是怎样的。
学生：好的，我懂了!但这个理论是怎样用在动物上的呢?
教授：嗯，如果你真的对这个东西感兴趣的话，它很适合作为你的学期论文题目。
学生：您说的是哪个文献综述作业吗?
教授：是的，它要你找出三本不同杂志上相关的、令你感兴趣的观点，然后你对这些观点进行讨论。如果三本杂志上的说法有抵牾的话，那么这个矛盾的地方就有必要讨论了。
学生：嗯，从我现在知道的关于博弈论的文献来看的话，里面涉及的许多统计学结论我都不太明白。
教授：嗯，我可以交给你一些非常简单的基础知识，不需要太多背景你就能懂的那种。你特别有必要搞清楚这样几个问题：研究者的假设是什么?他们想要得出什么样的结果?他们是怎么进行他们的研究的?他们得出了怎样的结论。之后才涉及到你如何解读那些统计数据的问题。
以上就是托福听力TPO19原文中Conversation 1的文本内容，希望大家能够用心体会，更多TPO文本内容小编稍后为您呈现。最后，小编祝大家在托福考试中取得好成绩！
您还可能关注：
