When you have eliminated the impossible，whatever remains，however improbable，must be the truth.
除去不可能的剩下的即使再不可能，那也是真相。
相信童鞋们对大侦探福尔摩斯这句名言不陌生吧，他的科学演绎法建立在对事实的分析和推断，从最细微之处推断全局面貌，抽丝剥茧，事无遗漏。话说回来其实托福听力也是如此。
每次小伙伴们捶胸顿足问苍天：
为啥我就没抓到漏听了这个重要信息?
为啥我就没理解全文主旨和框架结构?
为啥我就搞不懂教授的重听题是说什么?
那么，真相只有一个：其实你在听的过程是没有把握住那些关键性的过渡句和提示词，导致的结果就是眉毛胡子一把抓，不清楚全文逻辑走向，听的懵懵懂懂晕晕乎乎，该听到的重要信息错过了，不是很重要的细节倒是听了一大堆。现在我们以一篇TPO环境科学的讲座为例，给大家详细解析这些藏在字里行间的重要线索。
听力文本分析：
Professor
So we’ve been talking about nutrients, the elements in the environment that are essential for living organisms to develop, live a healthy life and reproduce. Some nutrients are quite scarce; there just aren’t much of them in the environment. But fortunately they get recycled. When nutrients are used over and over in the environment, we call that a nutrient cycle. Because of the importance of nutrients and their scarcity, nutrient recycling is one of the most significant eco-system processes that we’ll cover in this course. The three most important nutrient recycles are the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle and the one we are going to talk about today, the Phosphorus cycle.
【开头部分是一个典型的背景引入式开头，铺垫了很多关于营养物质，营养物质循环圈的概念介绍，但是它们都不是本段的关键信息，本段最关键的一句、必须抓到听懂的一句就是最后一句话the one we are going to talk about today, the Phosphorus cycle. 所以后文整篇文章讲述的是磷的循环。】
So the Phosphorus cycle has been studied a lot by ecologists because like I said, Phosphorus is an important nutrient and it’s not so abundant. The largest quantities are found in rocks and at the bottom of the ocean.
【这一句话里面说的是磷所存在的位置，The largest quantities are found in rocks and at the bottom of the ocean. 可想而知下面肯定会是分开2个方面，陆上和水中分别来进行介绍，至此文章分成两个大的逻辑段落，花开两朵，各表一枝。】
How does Phosphorus get there? Well, let’s start with the Phosphorus in rocks.【逻辑过渡句，分开两个大的逻辑段落了，从磷的陆上循环开始论述】 The rocks get broken down into smaller and smaller particles as they are weathered. They are weathered slowly by rain and wind over long periods of time. Phosphorus is slowly released as the rocks are broken down and it gets spread around into the soil. Once it’s in the soil, plants absorb it through their roots.【磷的陆上循环过程步骤】
Student
So that’s the reason people mine rocks that contain a lot of Phosphorus to help with agriculture?
Professor
Uh-huh, they mined the rock, artificially break it down and put the Phosphorus into agricultural fertilizers. So humans can play a role in the first part of the Phosphorus cycle【人类在P循环里的作用，环境科学最喜欢考的就是环境中因素之间的相互影响，这里肯定是考点】 -- the breaking down of rocks and the spreading of Phosphorus into the soil by speeding up the rate at which this natural process occurs. You see.
Now after the Phosphorus is in the soil, plants grow. They use Phosphorus from the soil to grow. And when they die, they decompose. And the Phosphorus is recycled back into the soil; same thing with the animals that eat those plants, or eat other animals that have eaten those plants. We call all of this – the land phase of the Phosphorus cycle. 【磷的陆上循环过程步骤】But a lot of the Phosphorus in soil gets washed away into rivers by rain and melting snow. And so begins another phase of the cycle. 【逻辑过渡句，磷的陆上循环讲完，进入到第2中，海中的循环过程】Can anyone guess what it is called? Nancy?
Nancy
Well, if the one is called the land phase, then this has to be called the water phase, right?
Professor
Yes, that’s such a difficult point isn’t it? In a normal water phase, rivers eventually empty into oceans, and once in the oceans, the Phosphorus gets absorbed by water plants like algae. Then fish eats the algae or eat other fish that have eaten those plants. 【磷的海中循环过程步骤】
But the water phase is sometime affected by excessive fertilizers【过剩的肥料所可能导致的坏影响，人类在P循环里的作用，环境科学最喜欢考的就是环境中因素之间的相互影响，这里肯定是考点】.If not all of Phosphorus gets used by the crops and large amounts of Phosphorus gets into the rivers. This could cause rapid growth of water plants in the river, which can lead to the water ways getting clogged with organisms, which can change the flow of the water. Several current studies are looking at these effects and I really do hope we can find a way to deal with this issue before these ecosystems are adversely affected. Ok?
Of course, another way that humans can interrupt the normal process is fishing【人们另一种影响磷循环的方式，环境科学最喜欢考的就是环境中因素之间的相互影响，这里肯定是考点】). The fishing industry helps bring Phosphorus back to land. In the normal water phase the remaining Phosphorus makes its way, settles to the bottom of the ocean and gets mixed into ocean sediments. But remember, this is a cycle. The Phosphorus at the bottom of the ocean has to somehow make its way back to the surface, to complete the cycle, to begin the cycle all over again.
After millions of years, powerful geological forces, like underwater volcanoes lift up the ocean sediments to form new land. 【举例原则，举例子的地方肯定是考点】When an underwater volcano pushes submerged rock to the surface, a new island is created. Then over many more years the Phosphorus-rich rocks of the new land begin to erode and the cycle continues.【陆上和海中循环过程两个大的逻辑段落至此合并了，两个过程彼此之间也是相互循环和联系的】
Guy
What about, well, you said that the nitrogen cycle is also an important nutrient cycle. And there is a lot of nitrogen in the atmosphere, so I was wondering, is there a lot of Phosphorus in the atmosphere too? 【学生提问，磷循环是否存在于空气中，学生质疑的地方问答原则肯定是考点】
Professor
Good question, George. You’re right to guess that Phosphorus can end up in Earth’s atmosphere. It can move from the land or from the oceans to the atmosphere, and vice versa. However, there’s just not a substantial amount of it there, like there is with nitrogen, it’s a very minimal quantity.【教授回答学生问题，磷确实在空气中也有，但是所存数量不多，不像氮那样丰富】
整篇文章分析完，童鞋们应该可以感觉到了，TPO的讲座都是逻辑结构特别清晰和严谨的，只要能够把握住这些关键的过渡句，就可以有效的把信息进行梳理总结，很容易判断重要信息，不会再出现漏听的现象。正如上图所示，整篇文章可以用流程图的形式清晰展现。以上就是本期为大家整理的有关托福听力的内容，希望能够帮助大家备考。若您想了解托福考试更多相关信息请关注前程百利。
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