今天前程百利小编为大家分享的是托福听力的背景学习。备考托福听力就要把听力文本吃透分析彻底。这样不仅能积累背景材料，还能把听力的专业词汇积累起来一块背诵，为托福听力打下坚实的基础。下面跟小编一起学习章鱼是如何感觉到光的?
The skin of a California octopus species has a molecular light-sensing mechanism that allows it to change color to match its surroundings with no input from the creature's eyes or brain. Dina Fine Maron reports
The octopus is a master of disguise. It can change its appearance to blend in with its environment or to warn predators to back off. This talent is due to pigment cells called chromatophores in octopus skin. Muscle contraction expands the chromatophores and helps them change the skin color to match its surroundings.
But first, the creature has to sense those surroundings. Not surprisingly, information about the colors in the environment comes in through the eyes. But new research reveals that, for one octopus species at least, the skin itself can sense light and react, with no input from the eyes or brain.
Researchers from the University of California Santa Barbara worked with skin removed from the California two-spot octopus. Not only did the skin respond to bright light, but the scientists found that the skin possesses the same family of light-sensitive proteins, called opsins, typically found in its eyes—which implies that, in the course of evolutionary history, the same molecular mechanism that the eyes employ for light detection got co-opted for use in the skin. The study is in the Journal of Experimental Biology.
Octopus integument was quickest to respond to blue light—which is the color best suited to travel far in water. Study author Todd Oakley said via email of the skin’s capacity that “we hypothesize the light response has some role” in “communication and camouflage.”
The exact nature of that role remains unclear. But this evidence for light-sensing skin brightens up our understanding of how octopuses so effortlessly go incognito.
疑难词汇：
Molecular分子的;由分子组成的
Disguise vt. 掩饰;假装;隐瞒n. 伪装;假装;用作伪装的东西
Pigment n. [物][生化] 色素;颜料vt. 给…着色vi. 呈现颜色
Chromatophores n. [组织] 色素细胞(chromatophore)的复数
Protein n. 蛋白质;朊adj. 蛋白质的
Opsin n. [生化] 视蛋白
Evolutionary adj. 进化的;发展的;渐进的
Integument n. 覆盖物;(动植物的)皮肤，外皮
effortlessly adv. 轻松地;毫不费劲地
incognito. adj. 改名的;微行的;隐姓埋名的adv. 隐姓埋名地n. 匿名者;微行者
camouflage n. 伪装，掩饰vt. 伪装，掩饰vi. 伪装起来
长难句解析：
1. Not only did the skin respond to bright light, but the scientists found that the skin possesses the same family of light-sensitive proteins, called opsins, typically found in its eyes—which implies that, in the course of evolutionary history, the same molecular mechanism that the eyes employ for light detection got co-opted for use in the skin.
难句类型：
That引导的宾语从句+which引导的定语从句+that引导的定语从句
句子主干：
Not only did the skin respond to bright light
难句拆分：
that the skin possesses the same family of light-sensitive proteins, That引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语从句;which implies that, which引导的定语从句，修饰eyes;implies that，that引导的宾语从句作implies的宾语。
2. But new research reveals that, for one octopus species at least, the skin itself can sense light and react, with no input from the eyes or brain.
难句类型：
That引导的宾语从句
句子主干：
the skin itself can sense light and react
难句拆分：
for one octopus species at least是插入语;that the skin itself can sense light and react,作reveals的宾语;with no input from the eyes or brain作伴随状语。
3. The skin of a California octopus species has a molecular light-sensing mechanism that allows it to change color to match its surroundings with no input from the creature's eyes or brain.
难句类型：
That引导的定语从句
句子主干：
I think this is another thing
难句拆分：
that allows it to change color to match its surroundings with no input from the creature's eyes or brain，that引导的定语从句修饰mechanism;with no input from the creature's eyes or brain作伴随状语。
文本结构特点：
本篇文章主要讲的是章鱼能够感觉到光，但是不是靠大脑和眼睛。章鱼的皮肤有一种光色素，它靠这些光色素来改变自己皮肤的颜色来适应周围环境的颜色。
好了，以上就是前程百利小编为大家整理的备考托福听力背景材料以及专业词汇的学习。大家学会了吗?希望能在备考托福的路上助大家一臂之力。预祝大家取得好成绩。
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