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Task1
When do you think is the best time in a person's life to learn a second language? Why? Use details and examples to support your answer.
思路一：进入大学之后再学第2外语(以下观点任选)
小学生学习外语，速度较慢耗时较长，而且应试压力比较大。学习外语的目的主要是为了通过考试，他们就很难培养起自己对于这门外语的兴趣。尽管进入初中，高中甚至大学一直在学习外语，但是因为缺乏兴趣和热情，大部分人的第2外语学得并不好，这样就浪费了很多时间。
初中生和高中生的学业压力比较大，因为 第二外语 语言成绩 的影响不能去自己心仪的高中和大学的学生有很多，我觉得对于他们来说是不公平的的
主张大学之前的学生去focus在自己本国的文化上，在进入大学之前尽可能想清楚自己以后自己期望的career是什么，然后再决定是否学习第二外语，并decide what to learn.
这样一来，大部分毕业以后在工作和生活中都很少会用到英文的同学，就可以花更多时间做自己喜欢的事情，而知道自己确实需要学习哪一门第二外语的同学，会非常充分地利用好自己的时间，更有效地学习并且掌握这门第2外语。
大学生的学习方法和思维也比较成熟，学习第2外语的时候效率会更高，并且不会轻易受到the second-language speaking country文化中不好内容的影响。比如日本和美国的色情和暴力文化。如果接触太早，可能对学生的成长不利。
思路二：学习第二外语的时间越早越好(观点任选)
学生的语言能力在10岁之前是最强的，通过多听和多看可能就可以习得一门外语。举例子：比如我的妹妹/弟弟/cousin, 因为自己的父母里面有一个人说 英语/日语/XX语，所以现在才4岁就会用这门语言和他的父母交流。我觉得在孩子比较小的时候为他们创造一个第2外语的环境，会对他们轻松掌握这门语言有很大的帮助。
Personal experience部分: 学生进入初中、高中以后，学业压力会变大，这个时候再去学习一门第2外语，对于他们来讲会很累，而且也会影响他们对于这门外语的兴趣，毕竟只有对一门语言有兴趣和热情才有可能学好它。如果只是为了考试而去学习这门第二外语，相信很多同学及时可以通过考试，但是却并不会很好地运用这门外语。比如：我自己学习了XX年英语，平时考试成绩还不错，但是一和别人用英文交流就紧张，也不能很有效地表达自己的意思，所以我觉得对于一门外语的兴趣养成很重要。因为这样自己才会在学习的时候以使用它为目的。
参考范文：
I think second language should be learned as early as possible, for example, since elementary school. There are some reasons. First of all, according to education theories, childhood is the best time for acquisition. For example, in the process of learning swimming, children find it an easy work. After pulling in the water for a moment, they know how to control their breath in the water. However, it takes an adult longer to learn how to swim. At least, no matter how hard I’ve tried, I cannot swim. Moreover, to learn a second language, culture is important. Therefore, the earlier students get to know a culture, the better they understand it, which is a great contribution to language learning.
Task2
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement that friends should be able to disagree with each other and still maintain their friendship.
思路：Agree
因为每个人都是独一无二 (unique)的，所以就算是最好的朋友，也可能在很多事情上share different opinions.
我觉得这样非常好: 1. 如果自己的所有观点都没有人反对或者question，就不会有很多的following-up quesions and topics, 也就没有了brain-storm 和 discussion, 这会是一件非常无聊的事情;2. 真正的朋友会在自己的想法有不足或者错误的时候，point out directly, 而且往往他们的disagreeing可以带给自己很多看问题的不同的视角，有助于自己更加完善地分析问题，而且观点的碰撞并不是意味着要去make it personal…
结论: 我会和跟我观点不一样的人交朋友，他们否定了我的观点我们也会remain friends
参考范文：
I believe people holding opposite opinions can still be good friends. There are some reasons for my understanding. First of all, no one in the world will be completely the same. Understandably, people become friends based on similarities, either in personality or attitude. However, even twins are not exactly the same in appearance, so how can two individuals be precisely without differences? Moreover, sometimes, people make friends in order to find something they don't have. For example, my brother dreamed to be a basketball player in his childhood, which he has failed to realize in his adulthood. But he enjoys making friends with basketball players. Because in the conversation with these people, he finds himself happy, as if his childhood dream has come true.
Task3
版本1：
学校要禁止bicycle on campus。因为第一路是给行人走的，第二学校有alternative的bus。
版本2：
【讲座主题】一封letter建议学校在computer tab增加sign-up sheet
【原因】现在用computer完成paper要等很长时间，预约可以提高efficiency
【学生态度】女生disagreed
【反对原因】(1)如果规定用computer的时间会使学生inconvenient and low efficiency;(2)time slot，学生们换来换去会造成loud noise
参考范文1：
The university has prohibited bicycle riding on campus, in consideration of traffic and safety problem. To solve travel problem, the university will provide free shuttle bus on campus. The speaker does not agree with the announcement. There are two reasons. First of all, little accidents caused by bicycle riding mostly happen at night, due to low visibility. It will not be a big problem in the day when there’s plenty of light. Moreover, the interval between two free shuttle buses is an hour and it takes students’ time to wait for the bus, which is a waste of time.
参考范文2：
The school plans to prohibit bicycles on campus because it’s too dangerous for pedestrians to have bikes around and the school provides bus service for students to get around.
The woman in the conversation disagrees with this plan. First, accidents often happen at night because of low visibility on campus. It’s not really dangerous to bike in the day. Second, the campus is very big, and the bus comes only once an hour. It runs around all buildings on campus and you have to wait for an hour if you miss one, both of which take a lot of time.
Task4
版本1：
阅读是一个术语。听力说有一种鸟，在breeding season的时候，听到其他的鸟的叫声，就会去attack那只鸟。但如果是familiar的call,就不会去attack和chase。女生不同意，第一accident通常发生在晚上，是因为low visibility,白天行人可以相互避让，第二bus是once an hour,如果错过了一班，就要等下一班，很费时。
版本2：
【讲座主题】Masking
【内容讲解】masking指的是一种外界声音大于动物自己发出的声音时，动物的一种反应
【1个例子】教授举了关于Whales的例子。Whale会发出signal来search food，如果海里的boat发出很大的noise，whales之间的signal就会被干扰，他们search food 的范围会减小。
参考范文1：
Dear enemy effect describes a biological phenomenon that although animals are usually being aggressive to other members of the same species, they are less aggressive to neighbouring members, whom they have recognized the tolerated.
The professor talked about an example of cardinal, which holds a unique sound. In the season of breeding, when it hears unfamiliar sound from other cardinals, it will become aggressive, driving them out of its territory. But when familiar calls have been heard, which refers to a neighbouring member, it will be less aggressive.
参考范文2：
Animals protect their territories by defending those of their own species but not of others. For example, during breeding seasons, a kind of bird would attack other birds that make different sounds from its own. But if it hears familiar calls, it won’t attack or chase the birds making the calls.
Task5
版本1：
女生要参加一个在new York的conference,没地方住。解决方案一住在酒店，但是很贵，女生就要省钱还不能吃中午饭，还不能去一些活动，比如concert。第二种是住她姐姐家，但是因为火车会错过conference的dinner,会措过见到很多famous 的professor 的机会。
版本2：
【一个问题】男生明天要和同伴act in a play，结果同伴sick
【解决方案】女生建议：Explain the situation to the professor，改天再演。但是男生disagreed：reschedule到下周，下周还有另一个play要act，男生自己有一个想法：说朋友愿意带病演出，但是男生觉得这样做会很不人道。
参考范文1：
The speaker has met a problem that she has been invited to a sociology conference in the New York City and has to stay overnight there. There are two solutions for her. Firstly, she can stay in hotel, but it costs big money and she has to skip lunch as well as art museum. Secondly, she can stay in her aunt’s, which is one-hour train away, and she will miss the dinner as well as the meeting with famous professors. Comparatively speaking, I think the first solution is better. At least, the conference is a rare opportunity, which enables her to talk with famous professors in the area.
参考范文2：
The woman’s problem is that she’s invited to a conference in New York but she’s concerned about her living arrangement. The first solution is to live in a hotel, but it’s very expensive. If she does that, she has to save money on lunch and miss some events like concerts and stuff. The second solution is to crash at her aunt Mary’s place, but it’s an hour away from the conference venue which means she will then miss the dinner after the conference and thus the opportunity to meet famous professors.
Task6
版本1：
有第三人介入帮助两个人解决问题，两种情况，第一是mediation,例子是两个室友出现了矛盾，找一个朋友，让朋友想出一个双方都同意的解决方案;第二个情况是arbitration,例子仍然是两个室友有矛盾，第三个人来听双方的story,然后agree with one roommate, disagree with another。不管两个人是否同意都要按照第三个人的想法来。
版本2：
【主题】第三人介入帮助两个人解决问题
【情况一】mediation
例子：两个室友出现了矛盾，找一个朋友，让朋友想出一个双方都同意的解决方案、
【情况二】arbitration
例子：第三个人来听双方的story,然后agree with one roommate, disagree with another。不管两个人是否同意都要按照第三个人的想法来。
参考范文1：
There are two ways the intermediary frequently adopting to solve disputes between two individuals or separate paties. The first way is called mediation, which is to settle the conflict with the help of a third party, with whom both the involved persons are familiar. For example, when two roommates are quarrelling with eath other, a mutual friend will be invited for a solution both the roommates agree on. The second way is arbitration, which is to find a judge both parties are convinced of to make the final judgement. For example, a reliable person will be invited as a
judge to listen to the conflict. After listening, the judge will make a final solution, and they have to follow the final judgement whether both persons involved agree with the solution or not.
参考范文2：
The professor talks about two ways a third party can help resolve problems between two people. The first is mediation. For example, two roommates are having a conflict. They will then find a mutual friend to come up with a solution they both agree on. The second is arbitration. For example, the two roommates can tell a third person the story that caused the conflict, and the third party agrees with one and disagrees with the other, and the two roommates have to accept the result no matter what.
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