托福阅读过程中，长难句的理解是许多考生面临的一道难题。托福阅读长难句的难点包括以下几点：1：单词不认识，看不懂句意；2. 语法知识薄弱，句法结构不熟悉，抓不住句子主干，分析不出句子的主要成分，修饰成分。想在托福阅读考试中拿到高分，长难句是必须攻克的难关。那么如何攻克托福阅读长难句这座大山呢？
首先，要抓住句子的主干，即找到句子的主谓。其实，这一步很简单。托福阅读中对找主胃设置的障碍一般有以下几点，攻克了它们，那抓住句子主干就会轻而易举：
1. 破折号分开主谓。
特点：主语+前破折号+解释说明的内容+后破折号+谓语+其他。
例句：Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits' settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.
分析：主语：Continued sedimentation
谓语：buries and subjects
主干：Continued sedimentation buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.
2. 插入语分开主谓。
特点：主语+逗号+插入内容+逗号+谓语+其他
例句：In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
分析：主语：Arthur Einarsen
谓语：found
主干：In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, Arthur Einarsen found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
3. 定语从句，动名词或者过去分词做后置定语修饰中心词分开主谓。
特点：主语+修饰成分+谓语+其他
主语+修饰成分+谓语+其他
主语+修饰成分+谓语+其他
例句1： people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
分析：主语1：people
谓语1：are likely to act
修饰成分1：who believe that aggression is necessary and justified
主语2：people
谓语2：are less likely to behave
修饰成分2：who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified.
主干：people are likely to act aggressively, whereas people are less likely to behave aggressively.
例句2：As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.
分析：主语：the Strait of Gibraltar
谓语：opened
修饰成分：where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic
主干：As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar opened and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.
其次，要将长难句分层，看看这个句子到底说了几件事。对于分层，有些同学可能觉得很头疼，从哪里分好呢？常见的分层点有以下几个：1.标点符号，如“，”“—”“；”“：” 2.逻辑关系词，but , for, like, if等。3.从句连接词，that，which，who，when，where，why等 。我们再次对上述的该例句进行分层。例句：In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. 该句的主干我们已掌握，即In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, Arthur Einarsen found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. 那么根据我们的常见分层方法，我们利用句子主干中的逗号或者表示递进的逻辑关系词in addition to 将主干句划分为两层，层1：In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse.表达的内容是发现了合适的browse的增加，即在描述此处鹿的食物多；层2：Arthur Einarsen found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.表达的内容是发现了browse 更有营养，即在描述此处鹿的食物好，因此对主干划分层次后，我们知道该句主要说了两件事。
最后，要取舍主次要信息。当我们抓住主干，划分层次，理解句意之后，要判断定位句信息哪些是主要的那些是次要的。选项中可能会含有某些词眼是我们分析的定位句中没有的，这些陌生词眼可能是定位句前后的一些具体内容，比如将定位局中的指代词还原了，但是该选项表达出了我们从定位句的所获得的主要信息，所以正确；选项中也可能会没有将我们所划分的各层次内容全部表达出来，但是也具有针对性的回答了题干，所以正确。
以上就是如何攻克托福阅读长难句，同学们可以在做题的过程中加以应用，从而攻克长难句。
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