物理学属于自然科学范畴，托福阅读的文章类型很大部分也属于自然科学类。所以想要做好托福阅读，了解一些有关的学术背景知识有助于节省我们的考试时间，下面就一起来看看今天的托福阅读背景知识吧！
一.Murphy`s law
Murphy`s law is usually thought to be named after Captain Edward Murphy, a development engineer with the United States Air Force in the middle of the last century. Murphy`s law is an adage or epigram that is typically stated as: Anything that can go wrong will go wrong.
墨菲定律由上世纪中叶一名美国空军工程师爱德华·墨菲提出。墨菲定律是一个格言或警句,通常表示为：有可能出错的地方定会出错。
二.Relativity Or Relative Theory
The theory of relativity, or simply relativity in physics, usually encompasses two theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity.
相对论是关于时空和引力的理论，主要由爱因斯坦创立，依其研究对象的不同可分为狭义相对论和广义相对论。
三、Wormhole
A wormhole, officially known as an Einstein–Rosen bridge, is a hypothetical topological feature of spacetime that would fundamentally be a shortcut through spacetime.
虫洞这一名词诞生于上世纪50年代，是对“爱因斯坦-罗森桥”的一种通俗称呼，它指的是物理学中假想的一种天体，能从更高的维度连接两个遥远的空间点，因此可以使人类突破光速的临界，进行超远距离的宇宙航行。
四、Black Hole
A black hole is a region of spacetime from which gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping. In many ways a black hole acts like an ideal black body, as it reflects no light. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will deform spacetime to form a black hole.
宇宙空间内存在的一种超高密度天体，由于类似热力学上它是完全不反射光线的黑体，故名为黑洞。黑洞最主要的影响就是其巨大的引力作用使包括光线在内的一切物质被吸引到起中心，而这巨大的引力也在这中心附近造成了时空的扭曲，也就是所谓的相对论。
五、Hyperspace
Hyperspace refers to reaching the other end of the universe fast through the multi-dimensional space(we live in 4-dimensional space). Hyperspace refers to the dimensional space which is more than four dimensions. String theory (M theory ) predicts that there should be 11 hyperspatial dimensions.
超空间指的是通过多维度空间(我们生活在4维空间)，快速的到达宇宙的另一端。超空间是指超过四个维度的空间。弦理论(M理论)预言，应该有11个超空间维度。
六、The Slingshot Effect
The slingshot effect is used to accelerate a spacecraft in a planetary flyby。NASA calls this a gravity assist, and exploits it to save fuel in missions to outer planets such as Jupiter and Saturn.
弹弓效应用于加速飞船在星际间飞行。美国航空航天局称这是一个重力辅助，并利用它来节省执行去木星和土星等外行星的任务时消耗的燃料。
以上就是百利天下考试本期整理的内容，希望帮助大家在托福备考时积累阅读背景。若您想了解托福考试更多相关信息请关注百利天下考试。
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