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A model of urban expansion
♦In the early twentieth century, the science of sociology found supporters in the United States and Canada partly because the cities there were growing so rapidly. It often appeared that North American cities would be unable to absorb all the new comers arriving in such large numbers. Presociological thinkers like Frederick Law Olmsted, the founder of the movement to build parks and recreation areas in cities, and Jacob Riis, an advocate of slum reform, urged the nation's leaders to invest in improving the urban environment, building parks and beaches, and making better housing available to all. These reform efforts were greatly aided by sociologists who conducted empirical research on the social conditions in cities. In the early twentieth century, many sociologists lived in cities like Chicago that were characterized by rapid population growth and serious social problems. It seemed logical to use empirical research to construct theories about how cities grow and change in response to major social forces as well as more controlled urban planning.
The founders of the Chicago school of sociology, Robert Park and Ernest Burgess, attempted to develop a dynamic model of the city, one that would account not only for the expansion of cities in terms of population and territory but also for the patterns of settlement and land use within cities. They identified several factors that influence the physical form of cities. As Park stated, among them are "transportation and communication, tramways and telephones, newspapers and advertising, steel construction and elevators—all things, in fact, which tend to bring about at once a greater mobility and a greater concentration of the urban populations."
♦ Park and Burgess based their model of urban growth on the concept of "natural areas"—that is, areas such as occupational suburbs or residential enclaves in which the population is relatively homogeneous and land is used in similar ways without deliberate planning. Park and Burgess saw urban expansion as occurring through a series of "invasions" of successive zones or areas surrounding the center of the city. For example, people from rural areas and other societies "invaded" areas where housing was inexpensive. Those areas tended to be close to the places where they worked. In turn, people who could afford better housing and the cost of commuting "invaded" areas farther from the business district.
♦ Park and Burgess's model has come to be known as the "concentric-zone model' (represented by the figure). Because the model was originally based on studies of Chicago, its center is labeled "Loop," the term commonly applied to that city's central commercial zone. Surrounding the central zone is a "zone in transition," an area that is being invaded by business and light manufacturing. The third zone is inhabited by workers who do not want to live in the factory or business district but at the same time need to live reasonably close to where they work. The fourth or residential zone consists of upscale apartment buildings and single-family homes. And the outermost ring, outside the city limits, is the suburban or commuters' zone; its residents live within a 30- to 60-minute ride of the central business district.
♦Studies by Park, Burgess, and other Chicago-schooi sociologists showed how new groups of immigrants tended to be concentrated in separate areas within inner-city zones, where they sometimes experienced tension with other ethnic groups that had arrived earlier. Over time, however, each group was able to adjust to life in the city and to find a place for itself in the urban economy. ■Eventually many of the immigrants moved to unsegregated areas in outer zones; the areas they left behind were promptly occupied by new waves of immigrants.
The Park and Burgess model of growth in zones and natural areas of the city can still be used to describe patterns of growth in cities that were built around a central business district and that continue to attract large numbers of immigrants. ■But this model is biased toward the commercial and industrial cities of North America, which have tended to form around business centers rather than around palaces or cathedrals, as is often the case in some other parts of the world. ■Moreover, it fails to account for other patterns of urbanization, such as the rapid urbanization that occurs along commercial transportation corridors and the rise of nearby satellite cities. ■
1. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about what Olmsted and Riis had in common?
O Both constructed theories based on empirical research on cities.
O Both were among a large number of newcomers to North American cities.
O Both wanted to improve the conditions of life in cities.
O Both hoped to reduce the rapid growth of large cities.
2. Which of the following best states the relationship that Olmsted and Riis had to the study of sociology?
O Their goals were supported by the research conducted later by sociologists.
O Their approach led them to oppose empirical sociological studies.
O They had difficulty establishing that their work was as important as sociological research.
O They used evidence from sociological research to urge national leaders to invest in urban development.
3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
The Chicago school of sociology founded by Park and Burgess
O attempted to help the population of growing cities protect the land around them.
The model that Park and Burgess created was intended to explain
O both why the population and area of a city like Chicago grew and in what way urban land was used or settled.
The founders of the Chicago school of sociology wanted to make
O Chicago a dynamic model for how other cities should use and settle their land
Park and Burgess were concerned that cities like Chicago should
O follow a model of good land use as the population grew and settled new areas
4. The author includes the statement by Robert Park in paragraph 2 in order to
O establish the specific topics about which Park and Burgess may have disagreed.
O identify the aspects of Chicago's development that required careful planning.
O specify some of the factors that contributed to the pattern of development of cities.
O compare the definitions given by Park and Burgess for the physical form of cities.
5. Paragraph 3 indicates that all of the following are true of "natural areas" as conceived by Park and Burgess EXCEPT:
O Use of the land in natural areas follows a consistent pattern but is generally unplanned.
O People living in natural areas tend to have much in common.
O Natural areas are usually protected from "invasion" by people in other areas.
O Natural areas are an important basic component of the model Park and Burgess developed.
6. According to paragraph 4, why is the term "Loop" used in the concentric-zone model?
O It indicates the many connections between each of the zones in the model.
O It indicates that zones are often in transition and frequently changing.
O It reflects the fact that the model was created with the city of Chicago in mind.
O It emphasizes the fact that populations often returned to zones in which they used to live.
7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the third zone?
O It is the most expensive area in which to live.
O It does not have factories and businesses.
O People who live there travel long distances to work.
O Most of the residents there work and live in the same zone.
8. The word "outermost" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O most visible
O best protected
O farthest away
O wealthiest
9. The word "they" in the passage refers
O Chicago-school sociologists
O new groups of immigrants
O separate areas
O inner-city zones
10. The word "concentrated" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O divided
O reduced
O interested
O gathered
11. The word "promptly" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O quickly.
O usually.
O eventually.
O easily
12. Paragraph 6 indicates which of the following about the application of the Park and Burgess model to modern North American cities?
O It is especially useful for those cities that have been used as models for international development.
O It remains useful in explaining the development of some urban areas but not all cities.
O It can be applied equally well to cities with commercial centers and those with palaces and cathedrals at their center.
O It is less applicable to modern cities because of changes in patterns of immigration.
13 Look at the four squares [«]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?
Typical of this kind of urban growth is the steel-producing center of Gary, Indiana, outside of Chicago, which developed because massive heavy industry could not be located within the major urban center itself.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Two sociologists, Robert Park and Ernest Burgess, developed the "concentric-zone model" of how cities use land and grow.
Answer Choices
A. The model was developed to explain how the city of Chicago was developing around centrally located transportation and communication systems.
B. The model arose out of concern for the quality of life in the rapidly growing cities of early twentieth-century America.
C. The founders of the model did not believe in formal city planning and instead advocated growth through the expansion of so-called "natural areas."
D. According to the model, a group new to the city tends to live together near the center and over time moves to outer areas that are more diverse ethnically and occupationally.
E. The model is applicable to cities that grow by attracting large numbers of workers to centrally located businesses.
F. The model predicts that eventually the inner city becomes so crowded that its residents move to new satellite cities outs de the city limits.
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