TPO是托福备考圣经，但是并不是有“圣经”就能完全把握托福考试。还要看大家怎么去利用这份资料。关于TPO阅读，托福小编希望最大限度地利用这些ETS提供的阅读文章。在文章中，找到那些生词，长难句；分析文章结构。真正把它作为一份备考资料，而不是做题工具。今天托福小编分享给大家的是对TPO4 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound的文章详细分析。一起学习吧！
Deer Populations of the Puget Sound
普吉特海湾的鹿群
1.Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country；it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
段落梗概：有两种鹿在美国华盛顿州的普吉特海湾非常普遍。一种是生活在低地的华盛顿东部杂交鹿的表亲--黑尾鹿；另一种是哥伦比亚白尾鹿，从前在开阔的草原上很常见，现在只能在低矮的沼泽岛屿地带和哥伦比亚河下游的河滩地区才能看到。
2.Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy？ One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed；also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
段落梗概：森林里，几乎任何植物都是鹿的食物。但许多食物只能在好天气里才能吃得到。黑尾鹿们避免冬眠的一种方法就是天生的迁徙习性。
3.The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."
段落梗概：自从欧洲人进入了普吉特海湾，鹿群的数量发生了显著的变化。在19世纪早期那儿有大量的鹿群，此后在19世纪最初几年里，温哥华堡成为哈德逊湾公司的总部，鹿的数量持续波动。19世纪30年代，苏格兰植物学探险家大卫•道格拉斯发现了他在1825年第一次的探访和1832年的最后接触之间出现在温哥华堡附近令人不安的变化。
4.Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."
段落梗概：鹿群数量的减少预示了它们今后生存的艰辛。当人类入侵它们的领地时，荒野风景遭破坏，鹿群的数量会进一步减少。回想起来，哥伦比亚白尾鹿的命运，现在已经处于被保护地位。而对黑尾鹿来说，人类的压力反而产生了相反的效果。野生生物学家有相关记载。
5.The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.
段落梗概：这种鹿群数量的反弹是由于人类其他活动造成。首先，一些鹿群的主要猎食者急剧减少；其次，通过限制捕猎时间和捕猎种类来保护鹿群。但鹿群数量恢复的主要原因在于森林减少。
疑难词：
Prevalent adj. 流行的；普遍的
Restrict vt. 限制；约束
be restricted to仅限于…；局限于…
marshy adj. 沼泽的；湿地的
Understory n.下层植被
Meadow n. 草地；牧场
Browse n. v.浏览；吃草
Harsh adj. 严厉的；严酷的
arboreal adj. 树木的
Fluctuate vt. 使波动；使动摇vi. 波动；
bemoan vt. 惋惜；为…恸哭vi. 叹息
succulent n. 肉质植物；多汁植物adj. 多汁的
Plightn. 困境；境况
Encroachvt. 侵犯vi. 侵占
长难句：
1.Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.
句子类型；地点状语从句
句子拆分：
主干：The black-tailed deer browses on…
Where引导的地点状语从句：Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants
翻译：在森林抑制草和其它草甸植物生长的地方，黑尾鹿可以吃越橘、北美白珠树、山茱萸和其他几乎所有灌木和草。
2.The deer( which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort )were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.
句子类型：定语从句+目的状语
句子拆分；
主干：The deer were gone.
定语从句：which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort
目的状语：in order to protect the crops.
翻译：在1832年曾经如画般点缀在温哥华堡附近草地上的鹿群已经消失了，为了保护农作物猎杀致灭绝。
3.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
substantially adv. 实质上；大体上
句子类型：插入语+同位语
句子拆分：
主干：Arthur Einarsen found…to be…
插入语：插入语+同位语
同位语：longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest
翻译：除了发现鹿群理想的生活场地在增加之外，太平洋西北的生物学家亚瑟•埃纳森还发现在空旷地区的高质量的嫩叶大部分都是很有营养的，就像越橘类和枫叶。
标题：
Deer Populations of the Puget Sound
A of B型
文章架构：
第1，2段：介绍美国华盛顿州的普吉特海湾的两种鹿类型及生活习性(食物)。
第3,4段：随着时间推移以及人类对鹿群的影响，鹿的数量发生波动。当人类入侵它们的领地时，鹿群的数量会进一步减少。其中哥伦比亚白尾鹿现在已经处于被保护地位。而黑尾鹿数量会反弹。
第5段：分析了鹿群数量反弹的原因：人类其他活动导致猎食者减少或限制捕猎时间和捕猎种类但鹿群数量恢复的主要原因在于森林减少。
文章题材：
生物学相关—鹿群数量
以上就是关于TPO4 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound的文章分析，希望对大家的备考有所帮助。前程百利祝大家都能取得理想的考试成绩。
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