托福阅读句子简化题是必考题型，也是很多学生困扰的一种题型，今天就为大家带来托福阅读句子简化题的详细解析，帮助大家破解这个难题。
题目形式：
Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A) When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.
B) Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.
C) Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.
D) Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.
题目做法：根据斜体的题干部分我们得出文中会划出一句句子。四个答案会分别对句子做一个简化的同义改写(就是答案一般都比原句短)，其中有三个答案都或多或少改变句意，只有一句话才是原句正确的核心的改写。
解题难点：一般文中划出来的句子都是一句长难句，所谓长难句就是复合句(由从句和合句组成)。对于同学来说1)读不懂句子2)即使读懂了，因为原句被简化了，即删掉了一些信息。可是很多同学搞不清什么信息可省略什么信息不可省略。
解题技巧：通过用一些技巧分析句子，以达到最快最准确的解题目的。
1) 读句子：迅速读一遍句子，了解句子大意。(10秒左右)
2) 精读句子：这个部分我们要搞清楚句子中的两个要素。一个句子要保留原意必须保留原句的两个要素不能改变：①逻辑 ②主体
也就是说答案里必须含有和原句一样的逻辑和主题。理清楚句子中的这两个要素这有助于我们同学更清楚的理清这句长难句的脉络，从而有助我们同学更清楚的能迅速选出正确的答案。
下面我们先来解释下句子的第一个要素：逻辑。一般的合句中会含有四大逻辑关系。
i.转折——句子中的什么词能够暗示句子中的转折关系呢?当然是关系词。下面我们来看一下句子中哪些关系词是可以暗示转折的。
转折逻辑关系词：conj：but, although , though，even if，even though
prep：despite, in spite(despite)of, regardless of, notwithstanding
当一个合句中含有以上连词和介词的时候，表示这句话的主要逻辑关系是转折。这个选项有什么关系呢?我们来看一下分析。
如果阴影句子部分是这样一个结构：A，but B. 那么答案中如果是这样了。Because A，B. 或者A，so B.这样的句子出现在选项中,就完全不用仔细去分析了。这个答案几乎不可能对的，因为他改变了句子的逻辑关系。
主体：对应不同的逻辑关系，会有不同的主体。在转折的逻辑关系中，主体是，转折前和转折后。比如：A， but B。正确答案一定是转折前是A， 转折后是B。A对应A，B 对应B。比如Although A， B 就是一个正确的选项。一个如果逻辑关系已经对的答案同样可以通过改变主体来使选项错误。比如我写 C， but B. 或者B，but A. 都是错误答案。
For example：
Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.
(direction省略)
A) When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.
B) Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.
C) Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.
D) Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.
比如这句话里面我们先来分析原句。原句是一句合句(两句话通过连词连成了一句话)。这句话的连接词是but，表示这句话的关系是转折。所以我们能够迅速排出两个答案A和D，因为他们当中并不含有转折关系词，逻辑关系已经不对了，答案不对。再来看B，C。接下来我们要考虑主体。
原句的我们来翻译一下意思是说：山丘和山脉被认为是永恒的象征，因为他们可以成功抵制一些毁灭性的自然灾害，然而事实上从地质学角度来说，它的存在时间很短。
这句话转折前的主体是permanence，转折后的主体是 short-lived。简而言之，permanence， but short.
B选项正确，跟原句完全对应。
ii.对比——表示句子中把两个东西做对比。
对比逻辑关系词：while，whereas，rather，unlike， contrary to
主体： A，while B
A和B是对比关系中的两个主体，答案中一定要提到A，也提到B。省略任何一个都是不可取的。
比较：在对比逻辑关系中，常常会附带有比较逻辑关系。就是more ..than, 等等的比较级。比如：A不错，然而B更好。那么如果原句中有比较，答案中也会出现比较，不能省去。
For example：
For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified—as during wartime—are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
A) People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.
B) People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.
C) People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.
D) People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.
解析：句中一个关系词whereas，表示有两类人在对比。一类人XXXX,然而，又一类人XXXXX。那答案中一定提到这两类人如何如何，因为他们是主体，不可省略。所以C，D是错的。其次在最后一行提到了两类人的比较关系。所以句子中应该会有比较关系的体现。答案是B。
iii)因果——句子内部的结构关系是原因和结果。
显性：因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with
果：so，so… so that
隐形：① 导致(因-果)：cause, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for
关系词 ② 由…而来(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to
③ 考虑到：given, considering, in view of, thanks to
④ 分词短语，不定式做状语：Failing in the final exam, she cried.
解析：因果关系就不像我们之前讲的转折和对比那么容易了。我们从关系词里分显性和隐形就可以看出。显性因果关系就是直接的因为所以，而隐形可能不直接翻译成因为所以的含义，但是却有因果的意思。这两种逻辑关系之间是可以互相转换的。比如，A，so B，完全可以变为A results in B。这个时候因果关系就绝对不能因为答案中没有因果关系词就被排除。
主体：因果关系里的主体就是原因和结果。一一对应，不可改变。
For example：
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
A)Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B) Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.
C)The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
D) Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
解析：这个句子不是一个合句，就是一个简单句。但是我们要对里面的一个词汇非常敏感，result from 它暗示了这个句子很可能是个因果关系。
翻译：沙漠化的极度严重性除了是由他的极大的不可逆转性或降低扩张速度的难度极高，还有受影响的土地面积和人数都极多。
这句话的结果是：沙漠化的极度严重性。原因是极大的不可逆转性或降低扩张速度的难度极高，还有受影响的土地面积和人数都极多(一共三个原因)。
值得考虑的是A，B两个选项。C，D的逻辑关系不对。答案是A，原因结果一一对应。B的答案把原句的原因放到了结果的位置。
iv. 并列关系——句子的内部结构是并列。
关系词：and， ;(分号) ，as well as
主体：并列的两个或者几个要素，缺一不可。
For example：
Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines.
A)Hawks, falcons, and eagles prefer to hunt along ridge lines, where wind turbines can kill large numbers of migratory birds.
B) Wind turbines occasionally cause migratory birds to change their flight patterns and therefore may interfere with the areas where birds of prey prefer to hunt.
C) Some of the best locations for large wind farms are places that may cause problems for migrating birds and birds of prey.
D) Large wind farms in certain areas kill hawks, falcons, and eagles and thus might create a more ideal path for the flight of migratory birds.
解析：and 表示并列关系。B，D错，and therefore=and thus=so，表因果，胡乱添加的逻辑关系。提炼一下原句的主体。And前说风力发电厂会interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds。 And后面说的是风力发电厂会kill large birds of prey。
所以答案是C总结为cause problem
以上是大部分题目都满足的逻辑关系。大部分的题目都可以依照这种逻辑关系来解题。但是还有一部分题目是例外。这些题目更需要我们同学的练习和关注。
i. 指代：在句子简化题中，我们同学只需要读一句话，就是划线句子部分，但是值得注意的是，当这个句子中含有代词的时候，我们还要看一下代词指代谁，答案很有可能把代词指代的对象写出来。所以我们可能还需要读到前面的内容。
For example：
Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals – an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyper accumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff.
A) Before considering phytoremediation, hyper accumulating species of plants local to the target area must be identified.
B) The investigation begins with an evaluation of toxic sites in the target area to determine the extent of contamination.
C) The first step in phytoremediation is the planting of hyper accumulating plants in the area to be cleaned up.
D) Mines and irrigation ponds can be kept from becoming contaminated by planting hyper accumulating species in targeted areas.
解析：这里this scenario就是个指代，表示这种情况。答案很可能把具体情况写出来了。This scenario指的就是phytoremediation。这是一句简单句，答案选的是C。
ii. 没有明显关系的句子
Although her early theatrical career had included stints as an actress, she was not primarily interested in storytelling or expressing emotions through dance; the drama of her dancing emanated from her visual effects.
A) Fuller was more interested in dance’s visual impact than in its narrative or emotional
possibilities.
B) Fuller used visual effects to dramatize the stories and emotions expressed in her work.
C) Fuller believed that the drama of her dancing sprang from her emotional style of storytelling.
D) Fuller’s focus on the visual effects of dance resulted from her early theatrical training as an actress.
解析：这个例子看似有although这样的词，但事实上这不是一句转折句。我们来看一下句中的一个符号是;(分号)这个符号就削弱了前面那句话中的转折关系。所以我们的答案应该要把这句话中核心的含义都写进句子中。
第一句话的意思是：虽然她早期的戏剧生涯包括她有一段时期的演员职业，但她对通过舞蹈来表达情绪和诉说剧情并不敢兴趣。
第二句话的意思是：她舞蹈中的戏剧源自于她的视觉效应。(即为了视觉好看才会为舞蹈编排剧情)
这两句话是并列关系。最终答案是A。
这里只给大家罗列了一些最典型的例子和技巧，更加细节和需要的地方需要同学们在自己大量做题的过程中巩固，体验和总结。最后前程百利祝大家都能取得理想的托福考试成绩。
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