很多考生会反映托福考试中阅读时间把握不好的问题:平时练习的时候觉得阅读应该是各个专项中最拿的出手的,但是成绩出来的时候,reading却只有19分到22分的样子,那些被扣掉的分数你怎么不过来!
因为很多考生觉得对托福阅读题型已经非常熟悉了,做题方法也掌握的不错,平时也做了很多套题,但为什么只有19分,这严重影响了学生冲击高分的信心。所以学生会说自己保证了正确率,就保证不了做题的速度。因此在给他们分析问题时,会告诉他们,之所以会出现这种情况,很大程度上是因为分析句子不够熟练。由此可见,在备考过程中,长难句的练习尤其重要。接下来就从其中几个方面介绍一下托福阅读长难句第一类中的几种语法现象,希望能够帮助考生解决问题:
一:复合从句的分析
TPO1【Timberline Vegetation on Mountains】
This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valley.
难句类型:主系表结构+which引导的非限制性定语从句+主谓宾结构
难词注解:
latitude n.维度
attain v. (通常经过努力)获得,得到
主干部分:This is particularly true
修饰部分:
1)定语从句:which tend to attain greater heights on ridges
which的先行词是trees,翻译为:这些树木在山脊上会长得更高
2)让步状语从句:whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valley
whereas表示转折,与主句部分形成转折关系,翻译为:然而在热带地区树木则在山谷里长得更高
二:介词短语修饰
TPO4【Deer Populations of the Puget Sound】
David Douglas, (Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s)found disturbing change(in the animal life)(around the fort)(during the period)(between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.)
难句类型:复杂的介词短语修饰结构
难词解析:botanical adj.植物学的
难句结构拆分:
主干部分:David Douglas..found disturbing change…
修饰部分:
介词短语修饰:(in the animal life)(around the fort)(during the period)(between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.)
介词短语in the animal life around the fort做定语修饰a disturbing change,翻译为:堡垒周围的动物生活中的一些困扰的变化
during the period)(between…and是时间状语,修饰动作found,说明是在什么时候发现的,翻译为:是在他1825年初次探险和1832年首次与堡垒接触的期间
三:分词修饰
TPO1【Groundwater】
The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.
难句类型:主谓宾结构+wherever引导的状语从句+分词结构做状语
难词注解:sediment n.沉淀物,沉积物
deposit v.使沉积,使沉淀
难句结构拆分:
主干部分:The same thing happens
分词修饰:wherever sediment-laden river or stream emerges(from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land), dropping its load as the current slows
在这个句子中分词结构是 dropping its load as the current slows, 现在分词dropping的逻辑主语与主句主语相同,即 a sediment-laden river or stream, 该现在分词表示的动作与主句主语构成主动关系,整个分词短语表示伴随情况,翻译时翻译出伴随的意思即可:无论何地只要有沉积河或者溪流从山谷中出现流入相对平坦的地面,并随着水流变慢而将携带物留下。
分词修饰:the water(usually)spreads out(fanwise), depositing the sediment (in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope).
这个句子中的分词结构是depositing the sediment (in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope),现在分词的逻辑主语是主句主语the water,现在分词和主句主语是主动关系,即主句主语发出这个动作,表示伴随情况,翻译时表示出伴随的意思即可:水通常呈扇形分散,使沉积物以扇形、平滑的斜坡沉积
四:不定式修饰(这类句型不多)
TPO6【William Smith】
The companies(building the canals to transport coal)needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses (for the canals).
难句类型:现在分词+并列结构
难词注解:determine v.决定
主干部分:The companies(building the canals to transport coal)needed surveyors to help them find……as well as to determine……
不定式修饰:The companies(building the canals to transport coal)
不定式to transport coal 做目的状语表明building the canals的目的,目的状语通常放在句末,翻译时可以将目的状语翻译成“来”:致力于开掘一条运河来运输煤矿的公司。
不定式修饰:to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well asto determine the best courses (for the canals).
在这里不定式to help them 和 to determine the best course并列做目的状语,表明公司需要测量员的目的是什么,翻译时将目的翻译出:需要测量员帮助他们探寻值得挖掘的煤矿所在地,并为他们决定最佳的运河路线。
跟汉语相比,英语有自己的语言习惯。英汉两种语言相比,汉语是一中动态的语言,具体表现在汉语多动词,形容词;而英语是一中静态的语言,所以,阅读中,当把英语表达转换成我们熟悉的语言时,必须注意这些语法结构(多介词,名词等结构性表达)所承载的语言习惯。要领会作者要表达的言语内涵,平时阅读过程中就得把长难句的分析及规律总结重视起来。希望本文对长难句的分析能够帮助到大家,最后前程百利祝大家都能取得理想的考试成绩。
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