托福阅读笔记。说到托福阅读备考，TPO是必不可少的备考神器，通过TPO练习来更好的适应阅读考试的节奏。本文小编带来的是TPO11 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture的学习笔记，希望能够与正在备考的大家一起进步。
TPO11 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture
文章题材：艺术学科——古埃及雕塑
文章结构：本文介绍古埃及的雕塑，了解其功能和背景对正确理解不同于经典的古希腊雕塑和文艺复兴时期的欧洲雕塑非常重要。正式的古埃及雕塑采用了正面描绘的方法，这是由其宗教用途决定的。通常有石头、木材和金属三种材质。非正式的雕塑描绘的是普通人，在造型上更灵活生动。
第一段：如何理解古埃及雕塑，主要理解其艺术的功能和背景。
第二段：介绍了正面描绘的手法，大部分雕塑都是采用这种方式，这种方法与其功能和创造背景有直接联系。
第三段：塑像的材质和制作方法，通常是由石头、木材或金属制成;木质雕像和金属雕像在形式上更自由。
第四段：介绍了一些其他用途的雕像，如描绘普通人的雕像、用来陪葬的奴仆雕像等，这些雕像的形式比较多样，主要是描绘日常生活场景。
常见词汇：
Elite 精英;精华
Concept概念;理念
Distinctive 与众不同的
Geometric 几何学的
Perspective 观点;透视的
Cult 祭仪;崇拜
Dimension 维;尺寸
Manifest 明显;表明
Divine 神圣的
Decease 死亡
Rectangular 矩形的;直角的
Shrine 圣地;神龛
Monumental 非常的;不朽的
Pillar 柱子
易错题解析：
Paragraph 1: In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians' view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.
2. Paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks
○ a realistic sense of human body proportion
○ a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes
○ the originality of European art
○ the capacity to show the human body in motion
题型：推论题。答案是(D)。
解析：题干的关键内容为one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks，回归原文定位到第三句“In fact, a lack of understanding ……”，冒号后面是具体解释为什么不受欢迎，所以有效内容为冒号后面的3个问句。
因为题干中涉及到了other art，只有第1和第3个问句涉及到了古典希腊和文艺复兴时期的欧洲，选项D“埃及艺术缺乏变现人物动作的能力”可以从第1个问句信息“Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary?(为什么埃及人的雕塑不像古希腊雕塑那样，人物的身体有转身和扭动姿态的呢?)”里推断出来，所以正确选项选D。A原文没有提及human body proportion，B项与原文不符，C项表述内容原文没有提及。
易错选项：(B)。
Paragraph 2: The majority of three-dimensional representations, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however, directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up. Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.
7. The word “they” in the passage refers to
○ statues
○ gateways
○ temples
○ pillared courts
题型：指代题。答案是(A)
解析：they所在的语句为：Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.
其中Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting为主句部分;for instance…in pillared courts为插入语，对前面的architectural setting举例子;where引导的定语从句。主句的主语为Other statues所以从句依附于主句，因此指代的是statues原句意思为：有些雕塑也被放置在建筑环境中，比如塔门(神殿通道入口的纪念碑)的正前方，或在有支柱的院子里;在这些建筑环境中，这些雕塑会被放在支柱对面或者两柱之间——正是这种正面展示方式让这些雕塑都与周围的建筑环境相得益彰。
以上就是小编带来的托福阅读笔记之TPO11 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture，希望能够和备考的大家一起学习。更多托福考试资讯请关注前程百利。
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