托福阅读笔记。说到托福阅读备考，TPO是必不可少的备考神器，通过TPO练习来更好的适应阅读考试的节奏。本文小编带来的是TPO13 Types of Social Groups的学习笔记，希望能够与正在备考的大家一起进步。
TPO13 Types of Social Groups
文章题材：社会学科——社会群体的类型
文章结构：本文由人际关系引入，将人际关系分为情感性和工具性两种。社会学家据此划分出了初级群体和次级群体。群里大小、面对面的接触和频繁的交流都会对初级群体的形成产生影响。初级群体是整个社会的基础。
第一段：对关系定义的界定，我们生活在一个复杂的关系网中，介绍这些关系是如何产生的。
第二段：介绍了关系的两种类型，情感性关系和工具性关系。
第三段：用这两种类型的关系来划分群体，可以分为初级群体和次级群体。情感性关系在初级群体中占主导，工具性关系在次级群体中占主导。
第四段：促进产生初级群体的条件，如群体的大小、面对面的接触、经常持续的交流等。
第五段：初级群体是社会化进程的关键。
第六段：初级群体能够提供满足大部分个人需求的生活场景。
第七段：初级群体提供有力的社会控制工具。
常见词汇：
Humanness人性
Bound束缚;受约束的
Instrumental 仪器的;有帮助的
Companionship 友谊;陪伴
Endow 捐赠
Gripe 发牢骚;抱怨
Gossip 闲聊;绯闻
Proximity 接近;邻近
Interlocking 连锁的
Fundamental 基本的;重要的
Oneness 统一性;单一性
Dispense 分配;分发
Deviate 越轨;脱离
Equip 装备;配备
易错题解析：
Paragraph 1: Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?
○ It is a structure of associations with many people.
○ It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.
○ It places great demands on people.
○ It develops gradually overtime.
题型：事实信息题。答案是(D)
解析：题干关键词为a relationship。回归原文定位在最后一句话“When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.(当两个人在比较稳定的期望值下的交流时间足够长并且形成一种联系时，这种联系就可以称为关系)”，也就是说a relationship是逐渐形成的。所以答案为D“随着时间的流逝逐渐发展起来的”。 A选项with many people错误，B选项产生出来的是humanness，不是a relationship，C选项原文没有提及。
易错选项：(B)。
Paragraph 6: Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. ■Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. ■For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is. ■
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves.
Where would the sentence best fit?
题型：句子插入题，答案是(B)。
解析：首先待插入的句子里面有for example，所以放在C和D的位置都不合适，因为D项本身是对前面的情况举例子。放在A处也不合适，因为A处后面的句子里的Within them指代的就是上文的primary groups，在待插入句子中没有对应指代。所以只可以插到B处。
待插入句(例如，不是独自居住的人们与独自居住的人相比，前者更容易做更健康的选择，而且产生病理的几率也较小)实际是在对前面说的在primary group里面的people的情况(experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being)举例说明。
易错选项：(A)。
以上就是小编带来的托福阅读笔记之TPO13 Types of Social Groups，希望能够和备考的大家一起学习。更多托福考试资讯请关注前程百利。
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