托福阅读否定事实信息题是阅读考试十大题型之一，通常每篇阅读中都会出现;tpo是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的否定事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。本文带来的是TPO13-3的否定事实信息题，一起来看看吧。
TPO13-3 Methods of Studying Infant Perception
Paragraph 2：
Such techniques, however, have limitations. First, the observation may be unreliable in that two or more observers may not agree that the particular response occurred, or to what degree it occurred. Second, responses are difficult to quantify. Often the rapid and diffuse movements of the infant make it difficult to get an accurate record of the number of responses. The third, and most potent, limitation is that it is not possible to be certain that the infant's response was due to the stimulus presented or to a change from no stimulus to a stimulus. The infant may be responding to aspects of the stimulus different than those identified by the investigator. Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant.
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a problem in using the technique of direct observation?
○ It is impossible to be certain of the actual cause of an infant's response.
○ Infants' responses, which occur quickly and diffusely, are often difficult to measure.
○ Infants do not respond well to stimuli presented in an unnatural laboratory setting.
○ It may be difficult for observers to agree on the presence or the degree of a response.
解析：EXCEPT题，本应该排除法，但原文中非常清楚地写到第一第二第三三个局限性，也就是三个正确答案，所以也可以直接选的。第一对应D，正确，不选;第二对应对应B，正确，不选;第三对应A，正确，不选;所以C错，选
[2]然而，这些技术是有局限性的。第一，两个甚至更多的观察者也许不会一致认可特殊反应的发生或者反应的程度，因此这种观察可能并不可靠。第二，反应很难量化，婴儿的很多反应快速且零散，研究人员很难准确记录。第三点也是最重要的一点，我们很难确定婴儿的反应是由现存的刺激或者是因为从无刺激到有刺激的改变。可能引起婴儿反应的并非是研究者认为的刺激方面。因此，当观测式评估被用作研究婴儿感知能力的技术时，必须注意不要从资料中过度归纳出结论，或(不要)将一个或两个研究作为婴儿一项特殊感知能力的决定性证据。
Paragraph 3
Observational assessment techniques have become much more sophisticated, reducing the limitations just presented. Film analysis of the infant's responses, heart and respiration rate monitors, and nonnutntive sucking devices are used as effective tools in understanding infant perception. ■Film analysis permits researchers to carefully study the infant's responses over and over and in slow motion. ■Precise measurements can be made of the length and frequency of the infant's attention between two stimuli. ■Heart and respiration monitors provide the investigator with the number of heartbeats or breaths taken when a new stimulus is presented. ■Numerical increases are used as quantifiable indicators of heightened interest in the new stimulus. Increases in nonnutntive sucking were first used as an assessment measure by researchers in 1969. They devised an apparatus that connected a baby's pacifier to a counting device. As stimuli were presented, changes in the infant's sucking behavior were recorded. Increases in the number of sucks were used as an indicator of the infant's attention to or preference for a given visual display.
9. Paragraph 3 mentions all of the following as indications of an infant's heightened interest in a new stimulus EXCEPT an increase in
○ sucking behavior
○ heart rate
○ the number of breaths taken
○ eye movements
解析：EXCEPT题，排除法。A的sucking做关键词定位至最后两句，正确，不选;B的heart rate和C的breaths做关键词定位至第五句，都正确，不选，所以D是答案
[3]观察评估技术变得更加复杂，上述局限性也在降低。婴儿反应的影片分析、心脏和呼吸速率监视器以及无营养允吸设备都是理解婴儿感知能力的非常有效的工具。影片分析允许观察者反复或者慢镜头播放来仔细研究婴儿的反应。通过观察婴儿在两次刺激之间注意力的长度和频率可以完成精准的测定。而心脏和呼吸频率监视器可以让观察者了解新刺激产生时婴儿的心跳次数和呼吸频率。数值增加被当做是新刺激中提升兴趣的可量化指标。1969年，研究者们首次将无营养吮吸设备动作次数的增加作为评估标准。他们设计出了一种连接婴儿无营养允吸设备和计数器的设备。只要出现刺激，这种设备就会记录下婴儿的吮吸习惯。吮吸次数增加就说明某种视觉展示引起了婴儿的注意或者婴儿偏好此种视觉展示。
以上就是托福阅读TPO13-3中的否定事实信息题及其解析，大家可以在备考的时候参考复习，希望能够帮助大家的考前准备。最后前程百利祝大家都能取得理想的托福考试成绩。
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