托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。本文带来的是TPO14-1的事实信息题，一起来看看吧。
TPO14-1 Children and Advertising
Paragraph 2:
General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children are largely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggeration is used at the expense of product information. Claims such as "the best” or “better than" can be subjective and misleading; even adults may be unsure as to their meaning. They represent the advertiser's opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence, are difficult to verify. Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclaimer—a qualification or condition on the claim. For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast.” However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that the cereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats. Nevertheless, disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format only.
3.In paragraph 2, what is one reason that claims such as “the best” or “better than” can be misleading?
○ They represent the opinions of adults, which are often different from those of children.
○ They generally involve comparisons among only a small group of products.
○ They reflect the attitudes of consumer protection groups rather than those of actual consumers.
○ They reflect the advertiser's viewpoint about the product.
解析：因为下一句的they指代上句的better than和best，所以往下看，说best和better than代表了生产商对于自己的产品和品牌的看法，结果其真实性难以判断，这就是misleading的原因，所以答案是D
【2】人们普遍担心广告商夸大其词的误导策略。消费者保护组织和家长们认为大部分孩子不具备识别这种手段的能力，而且他们认为这种夸大其词掩盖了相关产品信息。声称产品 “最好”或“好于其他产品”都是主观性强且容易产生误导即使是成年人可能也很难判别。广告语代表了广告商们对他们产品或品牌的看法，因此，这很难验证。广告商有时会通过补偿或者免责的形式来平衡夸大的说辞。举个例子，称早餐食用谷物食品对健康是有益的广告可能会附带一个免责声明“前提是早餐营养要均衡”。然而，研究发现儿童很难理解这类免责声明：儿童会将“前提是早餐营养要均衡”理解为谷类食物是均衡早餐营养的必需成份。作者George Comstock指出，六到八岁的儿童中能够理解大多数玩具广告的免责声明的不到四分之一。同时他也指出，如果免责声明以声音和视觉的形式同时呈现时就容易被理解。然而，它们多是以声音的形式出现。
4.Cereal advertisements that include the statement “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" are trying to suggest that
○ the cereal is a desirable part of a healthful, balanced breakfast
○ the cereal contains equal amounts of all nutrients
○ cereal is a healthier breakfast than other foods are
○ the cereal is the most nutritious part of the breakfast meal
解析：修辞目的题，修辞点所在的句子只是单纯在说一个例子，而且以一个for example开头，明显是为了证明前一句的，前句说广告商有时会用一句免责声明来平衡他们的夸张说法，然后就说比如blabla，所以这个修辞点应该是一则免责声明，所以答案是A，只有有了早饭这个麦片才有营养
【2】人们普遍担心广告商夸大其词的误导策略。消费者保护组织和家长们认为大部分孩子不具备识别这种手段的能力，而且他们认为这种夸大其词掩盖了相关产品信息。声称产品 “最好”或“好于其他产品”都是主观性强且容易产生误导即使是成年人可能也很难判别。广告语代表了广告商们对他们产品或品牌的看法，因此，这很难验证。广告商有时会通过补偿或者免责的形式来平衡夸大的说辞。举个例子，称早餐食用谷物食品对健康是有益的广告可能会附带一个免责声明“前提是早餐营养要均衡”。然而，研究发现儿童很难理解这类免责声明：儿童会将“前提是早餐营养要均衡”理解为谷类食物是均衡早餐营养的必需成份。作者George Comstock指出，六到八岁的儿童中能够理解大多数玩具广告的免责声明的不到四分之一。同时他也指出，如果免责声明以声音和视觉的形式同时呈现时就容易被理解。然而，它们多是以声音的形式出现。
Paragraph 3:
Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience. Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults. In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play. Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children's attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.
7.Paragraph 3 indicates that there is uncertainty about which of the following issues involving children and fantasy in advertising?
○ Whether children can tell if what they are seeing in an advertisement is real or fantasy
○ Whether children can differentiate fantasy techniques from other techniques used in advertising
○ Whether children realize how commonly fantasy techniques are used in advertising aimed at them
○ Whether children are attracted to advertisements that lack fantasy
解析：以uncertainty做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说我们不确定孩子能不能分清广告中看到的东西是真的还是假的，所以答案是A。B的other techniques，C的commonly和D的lack fantasy原文都没说
【3】虚构是广告中常见的一种手段，很容易误导年轻观众。跟面向成人的广告相比，面向儿童的广告更有可能包含魔幻和虚构成分。通过分析加拿大的电视内容，作家Stephen kline注意到几乎所有的角色扮演玩具的商业广告都是以虚构效果呈现。儿童有着丰富的想象力，虚构手段将他们的想法带入生活，但儿童可能无法认识到他们所看到的并不真实。虚构的情景和环境常常用于吸引儿童的注意，特别是食物广告。多年以来，谷类早餐的广告尤其钟爱虚构手段，十有八九都包含虚构内容。一般来看，幼童是否能够区别广告中的虚构和现实部分仍然不能确定。当然，可以确定的是，由于大部分广告都采取情感吸引产生精神共鸣的手段，面向儿童的广告中理性吸引就显得很受限制。
Paragraph 5:
Regarding the appearance of celebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling, the evidence is mixed. Researcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the characters used to advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, and children accept such characters as credible sources of nutritional information. This finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of television. In addition, children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorses that product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children’s perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question.
12. According to paragraph 5, what did a study of children in Hong Kong show about the use of celebrities in advertisements aimed at children?
It is most effective with children who watch a lot of television.
It has little effect if the celebrities are not familiar to most children.
It is more effective in marketing cereals and food products than in marketing other kinds of products.
It can have a negative effect if the celebrities are not popular with children. in the passage is closest in meaning to
解析：another aspect 是解题关键，这证明之前肯定已经谈到过一个影响儿童的方面了。从段落第一句话就开始谈fantasy了，所以答案只能是D。
【5】至于名人代言广告并不涉及“主角”销售，证据是复杂的。研究员Charles Atkin发现，儿童认为卡通人物对广告中的谷类早餐非常了解，并且认为它们是营养信息的可靠来源。这一发现对沉溺电视的观众来说是一种警示。除此以外，名人代言的产品儿童也会非常认同。然而，对香港儿童的研究发现，如果儿童不喜欢广告中的名人，那么他代言的广告可能反而在儿童中产生负面影响。
以上就是托福阅读TPO14-1中的事实信息题及其解析，大家可以在备考的时候参考复习，希望能够帮助大家的考前准备。最后前程百利祝大家都能取得理想的托福考试成绩。
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