托福阅读推论题有很多同学都把握不准，其实推论题不像有些大家想的那么深不可测，需要有福尔摩斯的大脑才能做的出，其实这类题型的解题相对不复杂，一步推断就可以，不是层层推断。此类题目主要考察考生对文章中一个观点或立场的理解程度，需要考生读出文章的言外之意，在理解句意的基础上通过对上下文逻辑关系的把握来进行推断。虽然答案不会直接出现在文中，但是正确选项一定是文章中的原句直接支持的，在做题时要做到有“依据”的推论。问题中经常用到infer. suggest. Imply这类的单词，问题形式多为What can be inferred that...?
我们在做题时可以遵循“题干—> 选项—>文章”的顺序，先找出选项的关键词，代入文中寻找进行推断的依据。
注：可能就段落中某一物或概念作出推断，对整段内容的事实推断或者对作者观点倾向的推断。
错误选项的几种可能：
A. 选项中关键信息在文中完全未提及
B. 选项的信息是表述过于绝对，可能出现only，all类似的单词
C. 做出了和原文相违背的推断
当然了，如上所说的题目类型的基本特点和做题技巧之类，估计大家都不喜欢看到这么抽象的概念，作为一名前程百利的托福阅读老师呢，下面就和大家一起来细说所谓的技巧吧。
技巧1 江湖中俗称的正向推理：整体与布局的推理，啥意思呢，来段大家都看得清的：
例句1：龙王鲸是一种纯粹的海洋生物。这道题出了一道推论题，选项中有：龙王鲸可以在在水中吃喝拉撒。那么这句话是可以选择的。这就是一种整体和局部的关系;
例句2：一般来讲，山越高，形成时间距离现在越近，山越矮，越古老。A山生活在侏罗纪时代，如果推论下A山，是不是也可以推论出A山比较矮呢?这也是一种整体和局部的关系。慢慢体会下下面这个比较简单的推论题吧。
例题3 “Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicefus.Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte,a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.”
It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations
A on land
B both on land and at sea
C in shallow water
D in a marine environment
看这道题，很多学生找关键词bred,gave birth，但是发现找不到，所以这道题就是推论题中对于整体和布局关系的推理，需要去体会。这个题目问的是“It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations”文章里面有没有讲任何关于繁殖及抚育后代的事情?这时候可以马上看到文章里面的最后一句话“Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale…”因此答案选D.因为它一辈子都生活在海里，所以它应该在海里bred and gave birth. 这种推理路径可以总结为“整体与部分的推理”。在且只在”整体与部分推理”的情形中才会出现给定的推断题中没有推理对象的情况。ETS的推理路径是极其有限的，而其中最难的"给定解题段落里面没有推理对象"的情况，就只能是"整体与部分推理"。
技巧2 时间的逆向推理，其实很多的阅读推理题有个这个体征，体现的时间比较多，如果"now，它是"新时间点引发的逆向推理"中典型的标志词。"now"表示现在，含有典型的转折含义，只不过是暗转折含义。
例子1：你去相亲，对方说：现在我单身喽，求交往。
咱们可以推断出：过去，对方之前肯定有过恋爱经验。
这就是一步推断，托福里面多步推断不要有，比如你是推断不出对方谈了几次恋爱，这是推断不出来的，选项中可以不选择。
例子2：现在中国人民翻身做主站起来了，这意味着以前就没有站起来。事实上，凡是时间点概念，都暗示着转折。
例子3：
The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…”
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
A They did not smoke when they were burned.
B They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
C They were not available to all.
D They contained sulfuric acid.
这个题目问的是"Which of the following can be inferred from this paragraph about candles before the nineteenth century?"问的是"before nineteenth century"，也就是19世纪之前怎么样。文章里面有没有任何关于19世纪之前的内容。倒是有一句话讲的是19世纪的时候发生的什么事情。文章里第一句话是这么说的“…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all.” 19世纪之后光明唾手可得，这意味着之前是什么样呢?就是并非唾手可得的。答案选的是C选项: not available to all。这种感觉跟我们刚刚说的"澳门回归"的例子是一模一样的。
技巧3 地点的逆向推理，也不少见，即根据位置，地点来进行的推断。
例题1 “With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.”
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?
A It did not contain any marine fossil.
B It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
C It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
D It contained sediment from nearby deserts
其他几项都得不出来结论，要么是错误，要么是无中生有，但是唯独A选项有一定根据，原句支持，咱们不妨马后炮说一下，看下原文黑体字部分。解题先看这句话"Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contain any marine fossils"当发现"above"和"below"时，则意味着"上、中、下"这3个部分的内容并不相同:如果和都"contain tiny marine fossils"，那么和前面一句话形成于沙漠中相矛盾了，所以就是在说：gypsum有沙漠的特征，above和below有化石，gypsum是不包含化石的。
所谓修辞目的题就是考察学生是否知道作者的写作目的，题目经常会问，作者为什么在文章中某个位置或用某种方式陈述一个特别的信息。对于这类题目我们不但要理顺上下文的逻辑关系，还要分析句子在上下文中的语言功能。
推论题和修辞目的题有个共同点就是我们需要仔细把握上下文的逻辑关系，要理解体会上下文的言外之意。做题时，首先要定位题干关键词，然后在文章中寻找线索。 再根据上下文的逻辑关系和语言功能(一般体现为：下定义、举例子、解释、对比、反驳、批评等)分析选项。真是废话老多……上技巧。
技巧1：例子本身不重要，重要的是前面的观点。
例子1：艺术家在创作的时候，需要克服一些问题，比如意大利文艺复兴时期的铜马雕塑，需要在马蹄子下面置放一只铁球，这样做是为了支撑铜马的重量，不至于作品倾斜。
那么如果问题是问为什么要说这个例子，那么正确答案应该是：就是为了给一个例子要说明艺术家创作的时候需要客服一些问题。而如果说成是：就是为了说明铜马雕塑很重等等这类的去修辞本句话的特征的。这样的答案就是错误的。
技巧2：关注例子所在段的段落大意
事实上，例子所在段的段落大意也应该得到复述，成为修辞目的题中正确答案的一部分。虽然一个例子在文章里面必定有它直接的论证对象，但每个例子都存在于特定的段落中，每个段落都有自己的段落大意，不管它具体论证的是谁，这个例子在这个段落里面至少应该为段落大意服务，所以找到段落大意也是非常有意义的。
例题1 Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gas lit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.
In this paragraph，the author mentions William Murdoch's invention of a new form of nighttime illumination in order to
A indicate one of the important developments made possible by the introduction of Watt's steam engine
B make the point that Watt's steam engine was not the only invention of importance to the Industrial Revolution
C illustrate how important coal was as a raw material for the Industrial Revolution
D provide an example of another eighteenth-century invention that used steam as a power source
看一下A选项，Watt的蒸汽机确实带来了进一步的重大发展;再看B选项，Watt的蒸汽机也确实并不是工业革命过程中唯一重要的发明，通过历史常识就足以判断其正误;然后是C选项，煤确实是工业革命发展过程中的重要原料;最后看D选项，它阐述了一个事实。其实，第3段的段落大意体现在"Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do"(瓦特发明的蒸汽机很快就展现出了它的作用)一句话。因为这整个段落都只是为了强调Watt的蒸汽机有多么厉害而逐步展开的，很容易便选出A选项。
以上就是本期整理的托福阅读十大题型解题技巧之推论题&修辞目的题，考生可在平常复习中进行有针对性的训练以提高自己的考试水平。若您想了解托福考试更多相关信息请关注前程百利。
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