说到托福阅读备考，TPO是必不可少的备考神器，通过TPO练习来更好的适应阅读考试的节奏。本文小编带来的托福阅读笔记是TPO28 Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes的内容，希望能够与正在备考的大家一起进步。
TPO28 Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes
文章题材：生物学科——雄鹿擦痕与雄鹿窝
常见词汇：
shoulder ['ʃəuldə] n. 肩膀，肩部v. 扛，肩负，承担
convey [kən'vei] vt. 传达，表达，运输，转移
signal ['signl] n. 信号，标志v. (发信号)通知
obvious ['ɔbviəs] adj. 明显的，显然的
minor ['mainə] adj. 较小的，较少的，次要的n. 未成年
tend [tend] v. 趋向，易于，照料，护理
scent [sent] n. 气味，香味，痕迹vt. 闻出，发觉，使
summary ['sʌməri] n. 摘要adj. 概要的，简略的
advantage [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ] n. 优势，有利条件vt. 有利于
covering ['kʌvəriŋ] n. 覆盖物，遮避物 adj. 掩护的，掩盖的
易错题解析：
Paragraph 4: Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. First, the chemicals deposited on the rub provide information on the individual identity of an animal; no two mammals produce the same scent. For instance, as we all know, dogs recognize each other via smell. Second, because only male deer rub, the buck rub and its associated chemicals indicate the sex of the deer producing the rub. Third, older, more dominant bucks produce more buck rubs and probably deposit more glandular secretions on a given rub. Thus the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.
7.What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?
O Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.
O Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to convey information about their identity.
O Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.
O Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.
题型：推论题。答案是(A)
解析：根据trumpeting of bull elk定位到这一段最后一句。这里trumpeting by bull elk是个例子，那么要想知道在描述什么，还要往前找。前面一句话说雄鹿摩擦嗅觉传递的信息在社交中与其他鹿的种族的听觉信号起到了同样的作用。但是这种作用又是什么呢?继续往前找。可以看到说well-marked rub is indicative of older，higher-status male。信息完整之后很容易得到A的答案。
14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Buck rubs and buck scrapes are two types of markings made by white-tailed deer.
Answer Choices
O The observation that deer sniff and lick buck rubs first led scientists to connect buck rubs with combat between adult males during the breeding season.
O Buck rubs and buck scrapes are visual signals and smells that deer use to communicate a variety of information to other deer.
O The number of buck rubs and buck scrapes in a given area changes as the density of the population of male deer in the area changes.
O As they rub the bark from trees, male deer leave behind chemicals produced by the glands in their foreheads, creating a scent that other deer can detect.
O The height of a buck rub, the type of tree used, and the direction in which the deer applies the rub can give different kinds of information to other deer.
O Buck rubs are created close to the breeding season of deer and may affect the timing of fertility in the female deer that visit the rubs.
题型：文章小结题。答案是(B)(C)(F)
解析：A对应原文第二段的两个scientists的观点。但两者并没有这样的逻辑关系。因此不选。B正确，对应原文第四段。说rubs可以帮助identify。C正确，对应原文最后一段。D文章中已经对height，types of tree，direction有了明确的描写。Information的区别是由气味传递的。因此此选项不对，不选。E文章并没有提到相关的内容。F正确，对应原文第五段，里面出现的help physiologically induce and synchronize fertility in females。
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