托福阅读中的标点符号看上去微不足道,但是“功力高深”的考生往往能够从标点符号中得到一些帮助。标点符号有用吗?标点符号有什么用?前程百利小编将使用文章中的例子来为大家分析托福阅读常见标点符号用处。
破折号
破折号的作用是对内容的进一步解释,有的是单破折号,破折号中的内容一般是对主句中的某个单词或短语进行修饰或者解释,作用相当于一个括号。有的是双破折号,其主要作用是引入一个解释性的插入语,一般放在被解释词的后面,考生可以利用破折号带来的解释来理解主句中的某个概念,或者在阅读中可以略去这些细节内容从而提高阅读速度。
比如OG Applied Arts and Fine Arts中的一句话:Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal—it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the "applied arts."破折号之间其实是更加具体的对于材料的介绍。
值得一提的是,在破折号出现的地方也会出现较为只直接的考题。例如TPO 3 Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer 中的一道词汇题,考生需要通过以下段落来选定词汇” virtually”的含义:This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically.
分析:在所考单词所在的原句中出现了两个破折号,可以判断双破折号之间的是插入语,且插入语中出现了短语“that is”,明显体现了后面的内容是解释的成分,解释的是破折号前面的“an almost negligible natural recharge rate”。对于很多考生来说,“an almost negligible natural recharge rate”是个很抽象的概念,所以前后内容的关系是抽象和具体的关系,从而可以猜测出virtually的意思是实际上、事实上等意义。
冒号
冒号在托福阅读中比较常见,它在英语中的用法和在含义中是类似的,往往是对一个概念或者总结性内容的后面,引出后面的解释或者更加具体的内容展示。冒号后的内容如果在题目中没有涉及,可以略过不看,比如OG Applied Arts and Fine Arts中的一句话:Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports.后面的具体分类是不需要阅读的,只要扫过就好。在题目中冒号出现处也会出考题,比如TPO7Ancient Rome and Greece中的一道修辞目的题。
段落信息:While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power.
题目:Why does the author mention “Alexander the Great” in the passage?
A. To acknowledge that Greek civilization also expanded by land conquest
B. To compare Greek leaders to Roman leaders
C. To give an example of Greek leader whom Romans studied
D. To indicate the superior organization of the Greek military
分析:题目问为什么提到Alexander the Great,可见这个内容是在冒号之后作为解释性的内容出现的,所以要找到这个内容的目的,必然需要分析冒号前的内容,“the contrast is not quite so stark”即是这个内容的目的所在,说的是“对比也不是绝对”,所以后面解释性内容是对相对一样的特点的阐述,也就是选项A中的内容。
以上就是前程百利小编为大家带来的托福阅读中冒号的作用介绍,考生应该从这些阅读细节出发,掌握相关的技巧。预祝大家托福考试取得好成绩!
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