托福

　　托福阅读修辞目的题都考察作者目的，在具体的题目中，又有一些区别。前程百利小编通过例题，为大家分析这种题型的几种类型。希望对大家有所帮助。

　　类型一：细节目的

　　这种类型是最常见的，题目会对作者在文章中提到的某个对象，某各词汇、某句话进行提问，目的在于理解作者在写作中使用这些对象的目的。这类题目的答案常常是细节对应的论证内容或者是细节在文章中的其他作用。考生在解题时应先找到细节内容的出处，然后对细节前后内容进行分析得出答案。比如TPO1 Timberline Vegetation on Mountains中的第10题：

　　Paragraph 4：There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and …. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and …

　　题目： In paragraph 4, what is the author’s main purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline?

　　○To argue that none of several environment factors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play a role in causing it.

　　○To argue in support of one particular explanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanations

　　○To explain why the primary environmental factor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identified

　　○To present several environmental factors that may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon

　　分析：“the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline”(生长停滞)是文章中的细节内容，题目对作者为什么讨论它进行提问，这个细节出现在第一句，句子说明“没有统一的关于生长停滞的解释”，接下来段落提出了几个可能的环境因素，对生长停滞的原因进行说明。结合选项，作者提到它就是为了展示接下来对这个现象的原因分析。所以第四个选项正确。

　　类型二：段落主旨

　　这类题目会直接提问段落主旨或目的。考生在解题时需要对段落整体进行把握，分析段落内容，总结出段落主旨。例如TPO1 Groundwater中的第11题，直接对第7段的目的进行提问：

　　Paragraph 7: The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.

　　题目： What is the main purpose of paragraph 7?

　　○To explain why water can flow through rock

　　○To emphasize the large amount of empty space in all rock

　　○To point out that a rock cannot be both porous and permeable

　　○To distinguish between two related properties of rock

　　分析：先弄清楚段落内容都有哪些，然后总结段落主旨。第7段共2句话，其中第二句有明显转折，所以重点在第二句。段落第一句给出porosity的定义，第二句用祈使语气说明要分清porosity和permeability,是不同的，然后对permeability的定义进行进一步解释。所以确定段落是在对比两个概念，并且重点放在permeability概念上。对比选项，只根据动词distinguish及可以选出最后一个选项。

　　类型三：段落关系

　　这类题目和上面的一类有一些相似，只是在提问时不是针对某个段落，可能会涉及2个段落或者整个文章，题目一般就是在问某一段和其他段的关系是什么。在解题时，考生需要分析每个段落的主旨，然后更重要的一步是分析两个或多个段落之间的关联。比如TPO5 The Cambrian Explosion 中的第6题，题目问到段落2和段落3之间的关系：

　　题目：Which of the following best describes the relationship between paragraph 2 and paragraph 3?

　　○Paragraph 2 puts forward several scientific claims, one of which is rejected in paragraph 3.

　　○Paragraph 2 poses several questions, and paragraph 3 offers a possible answer to one of them.

　　○Paragraph 2 presents outdated traditional views, while paragraph 3 presents the current scientific conclusions.

　　○Paragraph 2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in paragraph 3.

　　分析;题目问到的是段落之间的关联，考生需要先对每个段落主旨进行分析，然后对两者关系进行判断。第二段一开始“Scientists have asked important questions about this explosion for more than a century.”，接下来几个问句很明显提出了很多科学疑问，第三段第一句为“ One interpretation regarding the absence of fossils...(其中一种关于化石缺失的解释 )，这是对上一段进行解释。因此第二个选项正确。

　　以上就是前程百利小编为大家带来的托福阅读修辞目的题类型介绍，以上的三种类型需要考生在练习中不断熟悉，考生可以从中积累自己的答题经验。预祝大家托福考试取得好成绩!