托福写作tpo 综合写作范文及分析如下：
阅读材料：
In many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team. Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages.
First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge, expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues.
Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.
Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.
阅读部分需要抽取的观点是：
- Main point: perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team.
- Sub point 1: A group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it.
- Sub point 2: Sometimes these creative solutions come about.
- Sub point 3: Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team.
观点抽出方法：
- Main point：主观点抽取的时候，我们要找到根据。这篇文章的主观点算是比较好找的。阅读部分从题材上是essay，这个跟我们独立写作的作文是一致的。对于独立写作我们对开头段的要求是什么呢?那就是一个简短的drawer加上一个清晰的main point。同时如果时间不允许，那么开头直接说观点也是可以的，这篇文章呢，就是开门见山的说出了观点： perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team。而后面的一句话是过渡句，是预告下文的。也就是说，我将在团队工作的优势方面来支持我的主观点。我们在独立写作的时候，也可以把sub point整理之后提前到开头段，因为开头段存在的目的是：what I will talk about。
- Sub point 1：简单的main point找到之后，大家就在第一个sub point上面折戟了，华丽丽地选择了开头句。是呀，我们都说TS前置的呀!!!但是这是考题呀，就是考我们怎么抽出观点的。同时，经过这个也可以看出来，不把TS前置是多么讨厌的事情呀。我们写文章一个要不能用废话去烦考官，另一个是不能去考考官，因为我们是弱势群体。那么，这个sub point是怎么找出来的呢?显然不是凭感觉的。我们先理清一下一个概念，就是一段里面sub point和下面的support内容是什么关系呢?唉，是解释的关系。Support是解释sub point的，是支持sub point的。因此，所有表原因的部分，都不会是point，而会是support和details。因此“because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess”这句就华丽丽的不会是观点。而跟着它的那个主句，这很有可能是观点，但目前还不能这么草率的确定。我们沿着这个句子往前看，有个词是“also”。这个词，直译过来就是“也”。如果这样一句话：“ 我也没吃饭，所以我们要一起去吃饭”，那么横线上的内容一定是“我也没吃饭”相平行的，要么张三，要么李四，共同组成“我们去吃饭”的原因。所以also之前的内容也是原因，而不是结果，那么就不会是观点。好了，先说到这里，接着说第二个sub point，然后回过头来看这一段结尾的那个句子。
- Sub point 2：这个TS就好找多了，开头第一句嘛。但是这样就可以了吗?显然不行，我们这样的判断方法是没有普适性的，下一次不放在第一句怎么办?好吧，我们找一个很伟大的词：because。这是一个原因状语从句，在主从复合句中，如果从句放在后半部分，那么就不需要用逗号隔开，这就让我们这个because不那么明显，但是，如果我们每次看综合写作的时候都先把because念一遍，就找到了。紧接着的这句就更和谐了，“This is because”开头了。那么这句也是表原因啦。里面有个词，thus可能会给大家带来一些困扰：这不是因此吗?这不是于是吗?但是在thus前面还有一个神一样的词，是and，好吧，这and表示的时候前后的东东是并列的，所以能，前后都是表原因的。这个thus的存在表示后面这个原因，其实是and前面的这个原因衍生出来的，然后共同充当sub point的原因。好了，这一段就只剩下第一句话的主句了，就是creative solution了。这时候，我们再回过头看第一段的最后一句，好像也提到了creative solution了，但同时也看到了and。And前后的东西是并列的，那么creative solution是一个sub point，则and前面的句子也是sub point的，验证了我们前边的推论。至于这里提到的creative solution是对下面的预告。我们总是就接用linking word是用fist好还是first and foremost好，但是很多时候，地道的表达会用句子来做linking。
- Sub point 3：这段的观点也是出现在了开头，rewarding。好了，我们再也不要用感觉去判断了。我们找到一个叫also的词，它会告诉我们前后的两句是同等地位的，鉴于每段之后一个point，那么这两句都被排除了。那么除了第一句我们好像也没有更好的选择了。可能有的同学会找到because，然后认为because前面的那半句是point。但是，因为also的存在粉碎了这样的观点，同时我们要知道，在使用推理论证的过程中，因果是可以不止一层的，很可能是AàBàCàD的过程。我们不能because A，B 就误认为B是point。其实独立写作和综合写作时互通的，在独立写作中学到的论证方法可以帮助我们阅读，而阅读中学到的表达方式和行文风格也可以借鉴到独立写作之中。
现在观点找到了，我们开始简单猜一猜听力部分的分论点吧。不会太精确，但是可以给我们指出一个大概分方向。说阅读部分有多重要，可能需要重新开一篇文章了，但是我们先记住它主要就好了。
三个sub point分别是：quickly, creative solution, rewarding。
那么反驳的时候，就是不quickly、不creative solution和不rewarding。第一个和第三个是没有问题的，但是对于creative和solution的反驳却有三个角度，一个是不creative，一个是不solution，一个是两个都反驳。就这篇文章的听力部分来说，是既反驳的creative，又反驳了solution。如果在听力部分听不到这个点，那就是一定会丢点的。很多学生都觉得自己听懂了，觉得这个无论是语速还是词汇都远小于单独的听力部分测试。但是，这两者之间是很有很大区别的，听力测试是有题目和选项的，更多的是要求大家抓到主干即可，如果要考细节，那么就会有重听。但是综合写作却考的是精听，要你听到观点和分论点之后，还有写出support。有的学生说听懂之后，我让他来复述，都会漏掉很多的细节，因为听的时候要么不记笔记，要么记句子，这些都是不可取的。
下面我们来看这篇文章的听力部分吧。
Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed.
On virtually every team, some members got almost a “free ride” . . . they didn’t contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won’t surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.
Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along.
On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said “That will never work” about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was “highly creative.” And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.
观点抽出方法：
听力部分的观点顺序不一定跟阅读部分是完全一致的，这一点还是比较常见的。在这篇文章里，听力部分的第二段，反驳的就是rewarding这个点，第三段反驳的是quickly，而第四段则分别反驳了creative和solution。先说好的idea可能不经深入讨论就drop了，这样creative就无从实现了，接着说在influential的影响下可能在错误的方向上进行，进而失败，以驳斥了solution。
笔记内容：
需要注意的标志词：
Another, on the other hand, because, and then there was another occasion.
在听力部分，because后面的话可就变得重要了。
笔记上的重点词：
记笔记是一定要的，因为考的是精听，细节记不下来就会失分。但是不要记句子，而是记单词。就这篇文章来讲，你的笔记上需要出现以下词：
- didn’t contribute, benefit, no names were named, opposite of reading prediction
- didn’t move very quickly, long to consensus, many meetings
- influential, never work – dropped, high creative – warn, direction not work – ignore, fail, blame on all members.
在实际记笔记的过程中，你可以选择自己特有的简写方法，那么你的笔记将会更加简洁。听的时候不要因为一个两个词的纠结影响大片信息的提取。
文章结构：
第一段：要表达的内容有：passage部分的主观点，lecture部分的主观点，以及两者之间的关系。
第二段：passage部分的sub point 1，lecture部分对应的sub point，lecture里面相对应的support和details。
第三段：passage部分的sub point 2，lecture部分对应的sub point，lecture里面相对应的support和details。
第四段：passage部分的sub point 3，lecture部分对应的sub point，lecture里面相对应的support和details。
TIP：没有必要在文章中出现passage部分的support和details，或者说不能出现。
以上托福写作tpo的范文是从材料中如何取材到形成自己的观点，至最后成文的一个过程整体的描述，这对托福综合习作的思路有很大的参考价值，希望可以帮助托福考生更好地备考托福。
