托福写作：段落发展3条原则。新托福写作板块中的综合写作对于中国考生来说是一种全新的写作题型，在不到30分钟内，要读要听还要再写，可谓困难重重。 在托福写作中，通常遵循introduction- body-conclusion(引言段-主体段-结论段)的“三步曲”。Body(主体)段落提供了论证观点的理由，是整个文章的主体，在评分中占有很大的比重。例如一篇满分的雅思作文(9分)必须“presents a fully developed position in answer to the question withrelevant， fully extended and well supported ideas”。这里的“fully extended / well supported”，必须通过主体段来体现。
新托福满分作文(5分)也要求“is well organized and well developed， using clearly appropriateexplanations， exemplifications， and/or details”，同样必须通过主体段落发展来实现。一般来说，一篇议论文必须包含至少两个主体段。每个主体段都必须有明确的主题句“topic sentence”和若干支持句“supporting sentences”。他们共同组成文章的理由段，对全文的论点提供理由支持。建议初学者在练习议论文写作时，必须遵循理由段发展的几个简单原则，这对迅速完成理由段、构建连贯和理由充分的议论文大有帮助。这几个简单原则包括：
1.Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topic sentence shouldrelate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraph will be about. If you find thatthe topics you want to discuss do not support the thesis statement you have written， reviseyour thesis statement or reconsider your topic sentences.
(每个主体段都必须有一个明确的主题句)
2.Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence for each paragraphtells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest of the paragraphshould all relate to the topic sentence.
(支持句必须围绕主题句展开)
根据第2条的原则，我们来看看下面这个主体段：
Hobbies are important for many reasons. First， a hobby can be educational. For example，if the hobby is stamp collecting， the person can learn about the countries of the world andeven some of their history. Second， engaging in a hobby can lead to meeting other peoplewith the same interests. A person can also meet other people by going to the school. Third， aperson's free time is being used in a positive way. The person has no time to be bored or getinto mischief while engaged in the hobby. Finally， some hobbies can lead to a future job. Aperson who enjoys a hobby-related job is more satisfied with life.
这段话的topic sentence很明显-“Hobbies are important for many reasons”，之后的支持句从三方面阐述hobby的重要性(first， second， third)，但段中这句话"A person can also meet other peopleby going the school"与hobby重要的原因没有关系，因此削弱了整个段落的连贯性与统一性，应该被去掉。
3.Add details. To write a more fully developed paragraph， you need to add details to yoursupporting ideas. Your details can be facts， examples， personal experiences， ordescriptions.
(需要用多种方式提供细节展开段落)
根据第3条的原则，我们来看下面这个段落：
The Smithsonian Institution is worth visiting for a number of reasons. The SmithsonianInstitution comprises various museums that offer something for everyone. These museumsinclude the National Museum of History and Technology， the National Aeronautics andSpaceMuseum， the National Collection of Fine Arts， the National Museum of Natural History，and several others. A person can do more than just look at the exhibits. For example， in theinsect zoo at the National Museum of Natural History， anyone who so desires can handlesome of the exhibits.
The museums provide unforgettable experiences. In climbing through the Skylab exhibit atthe National Aeronautics andSpaceMuseum， I was able to imagine what it would be like to bean astronaut in space. Movies shown at regular intervals aid in building an appreciation of ourworld. In the National Aeronautics andSpaceMuseum， there is a theater that has a largescreen. When the movie is shown， it gives the viewer the feeling that he or she is in the movie itself， either floating above the Earth in a hot-air balloon or hang gliding over cliffs.
这是一个成功的主题段，请注意这段话段落细节展开的几种形式-提供事实、举例、个人经历和描述。希望对大家备考托福写作有所帮助。
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