红尘三千墨，不如卷上繁华皆凉薄，几翻思索，一句一落寞。
词句相交错，谁又能千语百字道破，挥袖笔握，一字一斟酌。
上回我们说到，想要攻克托福独立写作，第一要务是要先学会如何审题破题，展开自己的思路。那么，在有了自己的分论点之后，童鞋们面临的第二个问题就是如何充分展开论证了。一篇好的独立写作文章必须每段都要起到它应起的作用，包含统一的主题思想，以及围绕该主题思想展开的若干拓展句，使主题思想得到充分扩展并且用拓展句的观点支持主题，达到完整论证的目的。因此，如何把自己的思路进行扩展，充分有效的论证就成了写出高分段落的关键，而这也恰恰是童鞋们的死穴所在。
有思路，不会写，肿么办？
理想很丰满，现实很骨感。我们真正落笔时就会发现，因为自己平常生活中对托福写作题目的话题本身没有深入的感受和经验，说了一句话来进行拓展接下来就匆匆收尾，根本举不出有力的论据去支持论点，导致考官要不读得“意犹未尽”，要不干脆觉得“云里雾里”。所以我现在给大家介绍3种常用的、简单有效的论证方法，帮助童鞋们下笔如有神。
1. 道理论证法：
独立作文的论证中，道理论证法是一个非常好用的方法，当你在无话可说，或者是说得太笼统、空洞的时候，不妨运用讲道理的方法，把一些抽象、难理解的名词的内容、形式、特点或者原因、影响写出来，这样写得更加详细，更加有说服力，逻辑性也会更加紧凑。通过引用名人名言、反映科学规律的俗语谚语警句、大家都公认的事实等来证明自己观点正确可信，所以具有巨大的说服力。
E.g. Successful people try new things and take risks rather than only doing what they already know how to do well. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
例文：The most crucial reason why businessmen must take risks is that consumer' demands for something new and innovative will never diminish, especially in fashion and entertainment industries. 【分论点 本段主题句】A once-considered fashionable outfit might go out of style within months or weeks because of the rapid shift of trends. Therefore, to keep up with the consumers' wants, companies are forced to squeeze out unique ideas and often make bold moves. 【道理论证，进一步分析为什么要冒着风险创新的原因】Also, the reason why most songs on billboard charts never stay for more than two months is that people keep looking for something new. 【道理论证，进一步分析为什么要冒着风险创新的原因】
2. 举例论证法：
举例论证法其实是童鞋们平时最常用的论证方法，通过列举典型事例，具体有力地证明中心论点，增强说服力。但是大家请注意，一定要列举确定无误的、客观充分的，有代表性的事例证明论点，自己的事例可以用但不能多用，因为自己的事例没有代表性，不能以偏概全。
E.g. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising can tell you a lot about a country. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
例文：It is well known that governments use all kinds of strategies, like laws, regulations, and educational media campaigns, to control and guide a country. Thus, public-interest advertisements that are sponsored by the government undoubtedly reflect a nation’s thoughts. 【分论点 本段主题句】For example, in 2003, when SARS appeared in China, SARS-prevention advertisements were produced and broadcast all over the country via television, radio, and even the Internet. By watching them, you can see the nation’s strong will and determination to win the battle against this disease. 【举例论证，举出具体事例来支持观点】In 2008, also in China, the themes of most public- interest advertisements have shifted to the Olympics. By watching them, you can realize the nation’s priorities this year without any difficulty.【举例论证，举出具体事例来支持观点】
3. 对比论证法：
通过两方对比来论证自己的分论点，A是怎么样的，对比来看，B是怎么样的，这样的方法可以使得论证条理清晰，观点明确的。
E.g. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students are more influenced by their teachers than by their friends. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
例文：To begin with, students are more likely not to divulge their troubles or miseries to their teachers. Instead they turn to their friends for advice. 【分论点 本段主题句】 The advice they get from their friends turn out to be very important and helpful. For one thing, the teacher may do not have enough time to solve the problem, for another , maybe there exist a gap between teachers and students so that the students hardly perceive the teachers being a candidate to help them. 【对比论证，同样是寻求帮助建议朋友和老师的不同和区别 两方对比来论证】For example, I confronted a problem when I was a high school student, what I did was just to ask my classmates for help directly rather than my teacher. 【举例论证，举出具体事例来支持观点】Even if that time I have had told my teachers, they would have neglected my annoyance due to their busy work schedule.【对比论证，同样是寻求帮助建议，朋友和老师的不同和区别，两方对比来论证】 Friendship during school time was so precious and firm that it would never be forgotten.
好的，以上就是攻略的第二步论证方法的问题，看完有没有瞬间觉得有底气了？下一次我会继续给童鞋们分析攻略第三步语言使用方面的内容，预知后事如何，且听下回分解！
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