今天为大家带来演绎题的最后一种题型——评价题，和削弱题、加强题有很深的渊源，在讲解最初，我们首先要知道什么是评价题型。
一、评价题的定义。
评价题型的特点：评价题考题主要考查我们评价论点的能力，由于评价在很多情况下是针对段落推理成立的隐含假设起作用，所以读题时要注意体会段落推理的隐含假设，然后去寻找一个能对段落推理起到正反两方面作用的选项。(注意：与假设的区别)
二、评价题型的分类。
评价题型并不单一，它有多种出题形式，常见的可以分为以下几类：
举例：许多孕妇都出现了维生素缺乏的症状，但这通常不是由于孕妇的饮食中缺乏维生素，而是由于腹内婴儿的生长使她们比其他人对维生素有更高的需求。为了评价上述结论的确切程度，以下哪项操作最为重要?( )。
A、对某个缺乏维生素的孕妇的日常饮食进行检测，确定其中维生素的含量。
B、对某个不缺乏维生素的孕妇的日常饮食进行检测，确定其中维生素的含量。
C、对孕妇的科学食谱进行研究，以确定有利于孕妇摄入足量维生素的最佳食谱。
D、对日常饮食中维生素足量的一个孕妇和一个非孕妇进行检测，并分别确定她们是否缺乏维生素。
分析题意：结论——孕妇如果缺乏维生素，那是腹内婴儿对他们造成的影响。
选项分析：选项A说确定维生素的含量，这不能说明是婴儿影响的孕妇。选项B说对不缺乏维生素的孕妇进行 检测也不能说明是婴儿影响的孕妇。选项C和选项A和B错误类型相同。选项D如果我们先进行肯定时，能说明是婴儿导致孕妇维生素缺乏，如果我们进行否定，说明不是婴儿导致孕妇维生素缺乏。
我们解答逻辑题的目的还是要学会解答英文例题，下面为大家举一个英文例题分析的例子，来帮助大家提高理解。
2、英文例题。
The cost of the average computer logic device is falling at the rate of 25 percent per year, and the cost of the average computer memory device at the rate of 40 percent per year. It can be concluded that if these rates of cost decline remain constant for a period of three years, at the end of that time the cost of the average computer memory device will have declined by a greater amount than the Cost of the average computer logic device.
Accurate information about which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the correctness of the conclusion above?
A. The number of logic devices and memory devices projected to be purchased during the next three years.
B. The actual prices charged for the average computer logic device and the average computer memory device.
C. The compatibility of different manufacturers' logic devices and memory devices.
D. The relative durability of logic devices and memory devices.
E. The average number of logic devices and memory devices needed for an average computer system.
题意：平均计算机逻辑设备的成本以每年以25%的速度下降,平均成本计算机内存设备以每年40%的速度。可以得出的结论是,如果这些成本下降率保持不变的三年,在最后的时间平均计算机内存设备的成本将会下降量大于平均计算机逻辑设备的成本。准确信息下面哪个是最有用的评估结论的正确性?
为了帮助大家分析，我们将原文简化成逻辑主线图：
P：1、平均 逻辑设备 降25%;2、平均 记忆设备 降40%
C：降3年 记忆设备>逻辑设备
这道题目只告诉了我们下降的比率，而没有告诉我们基数，所以我们并不能说明谁下降的比较多。
选项分析：选项B说逻辑设备和逻辑设备的价格，如果知道了基础价格，再知道下降比例，我们就能得出结论。选项A无关，因为我们不一定要知道数量。选项C和逻辑主线提到的内容毫无关系。选项D的耐用性在原文中没有提到。选项E同样无关。
3、英文例题。
According to a recent survey, marriage is fattening. Cited as evidence is the survey's finding that the average woman gains 23 pounds and the average man gains 18 pounds during 13 years of marriage. The answer to which of the following questions would be most relevant in evaluating the reasoning presented in the survey?
A. Why was the period of time studied in the survey 13 years, rather than 12 or 14?
B. Did some of the men surveyed gain less than 18 pounds during the time they were married?
C. How much weight is gained or lost in 13 years by single people of comparable age to those surveyed?
D. Were the women surveyed as active as the men surveyed, at the time the survey was made?
E. Will the reported gains be maintained over the lifetimes of the persons surveyed?
题意：根据最近的一项调查，婚姻是容易使人发胖。认为是证据调查的发现，在过去13年的婚姻里，妇女平均收益23磅,男人平均收益18磅。以下问题的回答,将最相关的调查评估的推理?
为了帮助大家分析，我们将原文简化成逻辑主线图：
C：结婚 使人 胖
P：13年内;1、女 赠 23磅;2、男 赠 18磅。
我们要想让结论成立，必须进行一个对比。因为，结婚的另一面是没有结婚，只有证明了这一面才能反面论证结婚的影响。
选项分析：选项A说研究的时间段长短问题，对论点的评价毫无影响，无关。
选项B说被调查的男性结婚的男性增重少于18磅。选项C说单身的人在国务13年内体重情况是怎样的?当我们了解了单身人的体重变化，自然能够反正结婚人中结婚对体重的影响，正确。选项D和E没有提高原题中的逻辑词。
4、英文例题。
Since minors should not smoke, the proposed law prohibiting cigarette sales to minors is reasonable. However, the proposed ban on cigarette vending machines is like installing a roadblock to apprehend the one person in a hundred who drives without a license. A roadblock stops everyone, not just those who break the law.
The answer to which of the following questions would be most important in evaluating the objection above to a ban on cigarette vending machines
A. Do cigarette vending machines malfunction more frequently than do food vending machines.
B. Are there current laws that prohibit the sale to minors of materials intended only for adults.
C. Would an increase in taxes on cigarette sales help deter minors from purchasing cigarettes.
D. Would a ban on cigarette vending machines inconvenience a significant number of cigarette-buying adults.
E. Are items more expensive when sold from a vending machine than when sold in retail stores.
分析题意： 本题读题重点在于段落后半部分，其推理为：因为拟议中的对售烟机的禁令就如同为捉拿100个人中的一个没有驾照而开车的人一样，所以该禁令不合适。我们用问题中间的关键词“a ban on cigarette vending machine”来定位选项，发现D中涉及关键词，且与段落推理的原因所做的类比相关。如果对D的答案回答“Yes”，则禁令使大多数购买香烟的成年人感到不方便，所以支持了“该禁令不合适”的结论。如果对D的答案回答“No”，即禁令没有给大多数购买香烟的成年人造成不便，则反对了“该禁令不合适”的结论，所以，做了最好的评价，因此D正确。则A在“cigarette vending machine”与“food vending machine”之间做了一个无关比较。
5、英文例题。
The Planning Committee has decided in favor of redeveloping the city’s western district and has issued a report that argues for the feasibility of such redevelopment. Lesley Johnston serves as a member of the Planning Committee and has done so from the committee’s inception. Therefore it cannot be true that Johnston opposes redeveloping the western district.
The answer to which of the following questions would most help in evaluating the argument above?
A. Did the feasibility report include information compiled by independent consultants rather than by members of the committee.
B. Do the committee’s decisions require the unanimous support of its members.
C. Has Johnston served on other municipal committees that are not concerned with issues of planning and development.
D. Does the committee issue reports at regular intervals or only when a question on development is decided.
E. Have other members of the committee served on the committee as long as Johnston has.
题意：计划委员会已决定支持重建城市的西部地区,并发表了一份报告,认为这种重建的可行性。莱斯利·约翰斯顿是计划委员会的一个成员,从委员会的《盗梦空间》。因此它不能真正约翰斯顿反对重新开发西部地区。
例题分析：我们看该题目的逻辑主线
P：1、委员会 支持 再开发 西区;2、LJ 委员会一员
C：LJ 不反对 再开发 西区。
通过逻辑主线，我们发现愿题目的逻辑思路是由整体推个体，因为LJ是委员会的一员，所以，如果委员会支持开发西区，那么LJ就也会支持开发西区。首先，结论成立有一个隐含假设，就是委员会全体都同意再开发西区，要不然，虽然LJ是其中一员，也有可能不同意。
选项分析：选项B说委员会的决定是否需要全体成员的一致统一?和前面分析的必要假设相符。选项A、C、D和E和前提与结论的联系不大。
例题练习：
Traverton's city council wants to minimize the city's average yearly expenditures on its traffic signal lights and so is considering replacing the incandescent bulbs currently in use with arrays of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the incandescent bulbs burn out. Compared to incandescent bulbs, LED arrays consume significantly less energy and cost no more to purchase. Moreover, the costs associated with the conversion of existing fixtures so as to accept LED arrays would be minimal.
Which of the following would it be most useful to know in determining whether switching to LED arrays would be likely to help minimize Traverton's yearly maintenance costs?
A. Whether the expected service life of LED arrays is at least as long as that of the currently used in candescent bulbs.
B. Whether any cities have switched from incandescent lights in their traffic signals to lighting elements other than LED arrays.
C. Whether the company from which Traverton currently buys incandescent bulbs for traffic signals also sells LED arrays.
D. Whether Traverton's city council plans to increase the number of traffic signal lights in Traverton.
E. Whether the crews that currently replace incandescent bulbs in Traverton's traffic signals know how to convert the existing fixtures so as to accept LED arrays.
例题分析：
1、评价题：题意：T城市的委员会想减少交通灯的每年耗费，因此想等IB用坏了，就把IB换成LED。与IB相比，LED耗电又少、又便宜。而且，把现有设备换为LED的费用极小。
2、解决方案类：问题：T城市的委员会想减少交通灯的每年耗费。方案：把现有的IB换成LED。
3、正确选项：第一项;LED寿命是否比IB长?如果LED的使用寿命比IB的使用寿命长则加强的方案的实施;反之，如果LED的使用寿命比incandescent bulbs的使用寿命短，则削弱方案的实施。
4、其他选项：
第二项：其他城市是否选用白炽灯对方案的实施无影响
第三项：原来公司没卖可以去其他公司买，对方案的实施无影响。
第四项：T城的委员会是否计划增加交通灯?交通灯的数量的变化对方案的实施无影响。
第五项：以前换灯的工人是否知道怎么把IB换成LED?这也是无关方案实施的选项。
拓展阅读：
1、定义。
EVALUATION题，也就是我们俗称的评价题，需要同学们选出选项对原文结论进行评价，也就是说，正确答案是决定文章结论能否成立的关键。
2、标志词。
标志词：evaluate, determine, whether.……
3、典型问法。
Which of the following would it be most useful to determine in order to evaluate the argument?
The answer to which of the following questions would be most important in determining whether implementing the proposal would be likely to achieve the desired result?
In assessing the plan’s chances of achieving its aim, it would be most useful to know which of the following?
4、所属分类。
推理按照不同的标准，可以划分成不同的类型：
1) 按照前提与结论之间推断关系性质的不同，可以把推理划分成两大类：演绎推理和非演绎推理。
2) 按照前提和结论一般性程度的不同，可以把推理分为演绎、归纳和类比。评价题与加强题、假设题、削弱题归属于演绎题之中。
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