在这一部分我们会为大家讲解归纳题型和我们之前讲解的假设、支持、削弱和评价题型有什么区别。
归纳题的特色。
在我们做上面四种题型时，题目会问我们Which of the following if true…即以下哪种说法如果为真，那么把它带入到原文中，会对前提推结论产生影响(削弱、加强或评价)，这是一种逆向思维的思路，而今天我们讲的归纳题，思路是正向的——如果以上信息(原文条件)为真，我们能推出什么结论。
常见问题表述为draw a conclusion;infer;不全段落。在段落最后有一个空，我们需要把空缺补充完整。
一、归纳题例题一——总结类题目。
When a polygraph test is judged inconclusive, this is no reflection on the examinee. Rather, such a judgment means that the test has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful. Nevertheless, employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant because of an inconclusive polygraph test result.
Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?
A. Most examinees with inconclusive polygraph test results are in fact untruthful.
B. Polygraph tests should not be used by employers in the consideration of job applicants.
C. An inconclusive polygraph test result is sometimes unfairly held against the examinee.
D. A polygraph test indicating that an examinee is untruthful can sometimes be mistaken.
E. Some employers have refused to consider the results of polygraph tests when evaluating job applicants.
1、题意：一个实验的结果不靠谱，因为这个实验不能检测出实验对象的信息是否是真实的，尽管如此，如果应聘者这个test的结果不好雇主还是不会雇用他。
2、解题思路：
P1：has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful
P2：employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant
—>C：can most properly be drawn from the information above? 总结类题目
3、选项分析：
A说大多数的结果都不是真实地，原文没有体现。
B说老板就不应该用这个test，是否应该用原文也没有体现，错误。
C说这个test对于一些应聘者来说不公平，这个test不一定准，但是分数低老板就不要你，确实不公平，这个选项有所体现，留着。
D说有时候test说检测者没说真话是错误的，没有提到。
E说有一些老板不用这个test，可是我原文明明说用，反了，不可能是信息体现出来的，与问题不符，错误。
二、归纳题例题二——推导类题目。
A company's two divisions performed with remarkable consistency over the past three years: in each of those years, the pharmaceuticals division has accounted for roughly 20 percent of dollar sales and 40 percent of profits, and the chemicals division for the balance.
Regarding the past three years, which of the following can properly be inferred from the statement above?
A. Total dollar sales for each of the company's divisions have remained roughly constant.
B. The pharmaceuticals division has faced stiffer competition in its markets than has the chemicals division.
C. The chemicals division has realized lower profits per dollar of sales than has the pharmaceuticals division.
D. The product mix offered by each of the company's divisions has remained unchanged.
E. Highly profitable products accounted for a higher percentage of the chemicals division's sales than of the pharmaceuticals division's.
1、题意：两个分公司一个是pharmaceuticals 一个是chemicals，过去三年的业绩有明显的一贯性。Pharmy部门的销售额占20%，利润占40%;Chemy部门的销售额和利润则与其互补 = Chemy的销售额占80%，利润占60%。
分析：可推断：1)三年内没有讲任何变化趋势，也没有逐年间作比较;2)只讲两个部门的比例，不讲总量是多少。
2、提干分析：
P1：the pharmaceuticals division has accounted for roughly 20 percent of dollar sales and 40 percent of profits
P2：the chemicals division for the balance
—>C：be inferred from the statement above? 推导类题目
分析：
3、选项分析：
A说两个部门的销售额维持不变。 原题讲比例，选项讲总量，新信息出现，错误。
B说Pharmy部门在其所在市场内遭遇的竞争……竞争，新信息出现，错误。
C说利润-销售额比率，Pharmy比Chemy高。这是问两部门的比率，等于两部门分别把利润和销售额相除的比率。不需计算，由Pharmy的利润占比较高，可知道每百分之一的销售额，Pharmy实现的利润较多。正确。
D说Product Mix 新信息出现，错误。根据市场营销知识，Product Mix = the total number of product lines that a company offers to its customers.或者说，企业提供的商品的组合，通常组合在一起营销会达到比单独营销更好的效果。
E说Chemy的销售额里面包括高利润率产品更多，Pharmy的销售额里包括高利润率产品更少。削弱。“高利润率产品占比”和“销售总额”之间还需要衔接，不等同，不能直接归纳得出，属于新信息出现，错误。
三、归纳题例题三——补全段落类题目。
Which of the following best completes the passage below?
When the products of several competing suppliers are perceived by consumers to be essentially the same, classical economics predicts that price competition will reduce prices to the same minimal levels and all suppliers’ profits to the same minimal levels. Therefore, if classical economics is true, and given suppliers’ desire to make as much profit as possible, it should be expected that ...
A. in a crowded market widely differing prices will be charged for products that are essentially the same as each other
B. as a market becomes less crowded as suppliers leave, the profits of the remaining suppliers will tend to decrease
C. each supplier in a crowded market will try to convince consumers that its product differs significantly from its competitors’ products.
D. when consumers are unable to distinguish the products in a crowded market, consumers will judge that the higher-priced products are of higher quality
E. suppliers in crowded markets will have more incentive to reduce prices and thus increase sales than to introduce innovations that would distinguish their product from their competitors’ products
1、题意：题目第一句，当市场上所有产品都被消费者认为是同等质量的时候，价格战会让所有产品的价格下降，所有卖家的利润会降到一个最低值，因此，卖家为了保持利润最大化应该怎么做，前提是消费者认为所有产品同等质量，因此若能反驳这点，证明我的产品比别人的好，则可以反驳。
2、提干分析：
1：When the products of several competing suppliers are perceived by consumers to be essentially the same
2：prices to the same minimal levels and all suppliers’ profits to the same minimal levels
—>C：Which of the following best completes the passage below? 补全段落类题目
3、选项分析：
A说相同产品支付不同价格 - 与原文相悖的。错。
B说商家离开后，剩下的商家利润率会降。——不许联想啊!完全说到赚更多利润的点子上。
C说商家努力使消费者相信自己产品的不同之处——搞差异化竞争，由于差异化使的自己的产品不是同质产品，那也就不需要加入价格竞争跌到最低。
D说的是消费者如何如何的行为，而问题问的是供应商该要做的事，错。
E说还要降价促销?那如何提高利润率?
四、归纳题例题四——补全段落类题目。
Which of the following most logically completes the argument given below?
People in isolated rain-forest communities tend to live on a largely vegetarian diet, and they eat little salt. Few of them suffer from high blood pressure, and their blood pressure does not tend to increase with age, as is common in industrialized countries. Such people often do develop high blood pressure when they move to cities and adopt high-salt diets. Though suggestive, these facts do not establish salt as the culprit in high blood pressure, however, because .
A. genetic factors could account for the lack of increase of blood pressure with age among such people
B. people eating high-salt diets and living from birth in cities in industrialized societies generally have a tendency to have high blood pressure
C. it is possible to have a low-salt diet while living in a city in an industrialized country
D. there are changes in other aspects of diet when such people move to the city D
E. salt is a necessity for human life, and death can occur when the body loses too much salt
1、题意：在山区的人们饮食中含大量蔬菜，并且少盐。很少人患有高血压，并且他们的血压也不随年龄增长而增加，而在工业化的城市中，血压随年龄增长而增加很常见。当这些人搬进城，采用高盐膳食时就会患上高血压。尽管有一定揭示性，但并不能说明盐是患高血压的罪魁祸首，找原因。
2、提干分析：
P1：People in isolated rain-forest communities tend to live on a largely vegetarian diet, and they eat little salt.
P2：Few of them suffer from high blood pressure, and their blood pressure does not tend to increase with age, as is common in industrialized countries.
P3：Such people often do develop high blood pressure when they move to cities and adopt high-salt diets.
—>C：Which of the following most logically completes the argument given below?
分析：我们要让P3不成立，并且要给出不成立的原因。
3、选项分析：
A说这些人不患高血压的原因是基因问题。那么就不能解释进城后为何患高血压。
B说吃高盐并且住在城市中的人更容易患上高血压，并不能说明盐不是罪魁祸首，反而还加强了。
C说在城市中吃盐少也是可能的没有关系，因为这些人搬进城吃的是高盐。
D说当这些人进入城市后，还发生了其他的改变……有除食盐之外的第三因。
E说盐的必要性，无关。
五、归纳题例题五——总结归纳类题目。
Neither a rising standard of living nor balanced trade, by itself, establishes a country's ability to compete in the international marketplace. Both are required simultaneously since standards of living can rise because of growing trade deficits and trade can be balanced by means of a decline in a country's standard of living.
If the facts stated in the passage above are true, a proper test of a country's ability to be competitive is its ability to
A. balance its trade while its standard of living rises
B. balance its trade while its standard of living falls
C. increase trade deficits while its standard of living rises
D. decrease trade deficits while its standard of living falls
E. keep its standard of living constant while trade deficits rise
1、题意：一个国家在国际市场的竞争力依赖于不断提高的生活标准和平衡的贸易。
2、提干分析：
P1：Neither a rising standard of living nor balanced trade, by itself, establishes a country's ability to compete in the international marketplace.
P2：since standards of living can rise because of growing trade deficits and trade can be balanced by means of a decline in a country's standard of living.
—>C：M’s reliance on foreign sources for fuel is likely to decline soon.
分析：一个国家必须做些什么才被认为具有竞争力?文中指出必须同时满足两个条件：生活标准提高，贸易必须平衡。而贸易不平衡，生活水平有可能上升。生活水平下降，贸易才平衡。任何单方面都不能认为是具有国际竞争力。一个国家必须既平衡贸易同时又提高生产水平。
3、选项分析：
A说贸易平衡且生活标准上升。正确的表明一个国家同时满足两个需求。
B说贸易平衡且生活标准下降。两个条件中的一个不满足，生活的标准必须上升，而不是下降。
C说是增加贸易赤字且生活标准上升。两个条件中的一个不满足，贸易必须平衡。
D说是降低贸易赤字且生活标准降低。任何一个条件都必须满足。
E说意思是贸易赤字上升且保持生活标准稳定。任何一个条件都必须满足。
习题练习：
Environmentalist: The commissioner of the Fish and Game Authority would have the public believe that increases in the number of marine fish caught demonstrate that this resource is no longer endangered. This is a specious argument, as unsound as it would be to assert that the ever-increasing rate at which rain forests are being cut down demonstrates a lack of danger to that resource. The real cause of the increased fish-catch is a greater efficiency in using technologies that deplete resources.
The environmentalist's statements, if true, best support which of the following as a conclusion?
A. The use of technology is the reason for the increasing encroachment of people on nature.
B. It is possible to determine how many fish are in the sea in some way other than by catching fish.
C. The proportion of marine fish that are caught is as high as the proportion of rain forest trees that are cut down each year.
D. Modern technologies waste resources by catching inedible fish.
E. Marine fish continue to be an endangered resource.
例题分析：
1、归纳题：题意公众官员认为不断增加的捕捉现象说明海鱼不再濒临灭绝。环境论者反对这个观点，认为技术是增加捕鱼的主要原因。
2、论证过程：环境论者质疑环境论者的看法：不断增加的捕捉说明鱼类不再灭绝;这个说法说明环境论者认为刚好相反。环境论者相信海鱼面临灭绝，指出官员的谬论时，又给出了可替换的解释来说明捕鱼数量的增加会导致海鱼的灭绝。
3、正确项：选项五。此论证确定了环境论者所支持的结论，海鱼面临灭绝。
4、其它选项：
选项一：尽管环境论者声称技术导致人们很大程度侵占自然，但文中并没有暗示由技术导致的这种侵占是一种趋势。
选项二：环境论者声称并不能说明被抓鱼的数量不能说明多少鱼留在海洋里，也没有任何暗示通过任何其他方式可以达到。
选项三：意思是被抓的海鱼的比例和每年砍下雨林树的比例一样高。环境论者做了一个比较，并无比较他们的比例。
选项四：意思是现代技术通过捕捉不可食用的鱼来浪费资源。文中并未说明鱼是可食用或不可食用，所以不对。
拓展阅读：
归纳题所属分类。推理按照不同的标准，可以划分成不同的类型：
1、按照前提与结论之间推断关系性质的不同，可以把推理划分成两大类：演绎推理和非演绎推理。
2、按照前提和结论一般性程度的不同，可以把推理分为演绎、归纳和类比。
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