GMAT逻辑论证方法题型就是逻辑当中难度较大的一种。这类题型和演绎题型很相似的一点是,它也是考察逻辑关系的,并且通过不同的标志词来发现隐含信息。
一、GMAT逻辑论证方法题型分析
1、论证方法题的定义。
论证方法题是要用原文中的信息来证明结论的正确性,因为是用原文中原有的信息来解题,所以选项中出现新元素或新情况的都是错误的。
2、论证方法题型题的标志:
1)标志词:by; does which one of following; strategy; method; The main point of the passage is made primarily by…
2)常用方法(出现在选项):
对比论证:comparison, analogy, contradict, refute…
因果类:cause-and-effect, explain…
总结类:draw a conclusion, maintain the claim, make a generalization…
证据类:cite a example, analyze the data, evidence is provided, demonstrate(特指用例子来证明)——不常用,因为举例论证并未严谨逻辑。
5、其他:apply a principle, assume…
(详情请看 GMAT逻辑论证方法题综述)
二、GMAT逻辑论证方法题的类型和解题方法
解题技巧:
1、注意含数字(data:已经发生,可用于计算,反映客观事实)、举例、因果、句子间转折(comparison or refute)、过去时、打比方、作比较、时间和地点的地方。
举例:by the fact that…
因果(出现在题目):contribute to, due to, depend on…
过去时:was, were…
打比方:(not)like…
作比较:包括as„as同级比较。
2、注意论据的论证方法,离结论越近的论据越重要。
3、正确选项不探讨:语言风格、语言倾向性、感情色彩、用词准确性、道德和公平的问题,因为这些都并非客观的论证方法。
(详情请看 GMAT逻辑论证方法题综解题方法)
三、GMAT逻辑论证方法题例题分析
为了帮助大家更好地了解逻辑缺陷题型的解题方法如何运用,前程百利小编为大家整理了下面两道例题。
例题一:
Networks of blood vessels in bats’ wings serve only to disperse heat generated in flight. This heat is generated only because bats flap their wings. Thus paleontologists’ recent discovery that the winged dinosaur Sandactylus had similar networks of blood vessels in the skin of its wings provided evidence for the hypothesis that Sandactylus flew by flapping its wings, not just by gliding.
In the passage, the author develops the argument by
A forming the hypothesis that best explains several apparently conflicting pieces of evidence
B reinterpreting evidence that had been used to support an earlier theory
C using an analogy with a known phenomenon to draw a conclusion about an unknown phenomenon
D speculating about how structures observed in present-day creatures might have developed from similar structures in creatures now extinct
E pointing out differences in the physiological demands that flight makes on large, as opposed to small, creatures
例题分析:
题干:蝙蝠翅膀里的血管网络只是为了驱散飞行时生成的热量。这些热量的生成仅仅是因为蝙蝠扇动它们的翅膀。 因此,古生物学家关于翼龙(Sandactylus)的翅膀里也含有类似的血管系统。这一发现为Sandactylus 是扇动翅膀飞行而不是滑行这一假设提供了证据。问:在这篇文章里,作者怎样得出这个结论?
A 形成这种假说更好的解释了相互冲突的几个证据
B 重新分析解释了证据来支撑一个更早的结论
C 利用一个知名的现象类推出一个关于未知现象的理论
D 从现存的相似的生物结构推测出先前的生物结构是怎么形成的
E 指出大型生物和小型生物的飞行生理需求不同
解析:选C。题目通过蝙蝠翅膀的知识类推出翼龙飞行假设的原因。
例题二:
X: In order to reduce the amount of plastic in landfills, legislatures should impose a ban on the use of plastics for packaging goods.
Y: Impossible! Plastic packaging is necessary for public safety. Consumers will lose all of the safety features that plastic offers, chiefly tamper-resistant closures and shatterproof bottles.
Which of the following best describes the weak point in Y's response to X's proposal?
A Y ignores the possibility that packaging goods in materials other than plastic might provide the same safety features that packaging in plastic offers.
B The economic disadvantages of using plastics as a means of packaging goods are not taken into consideration.
C Y attempts to shift the blame for the large amount of plastic in landfills from the users of plastic packaging to the legislators.
D Y does not consider the concern of some manufacturers that safety features spoil package appearances.
E Y wrongly assumes that X defends the interests of the manufacturers rather than the interests of the consumers.
例题分析:
X:为了减少塑料的填埋,应该立法规定禁止使用塑料。
Y: 不肯能,塑料对公众安全很有用!相对于密封包装和防碎的瓶子,消费者会失去所有塑料提供的安全好处。
问Y的缺点,应该从安全性考虑。
A:Y 忽略了使用其他材料包装商品也能够提供和塑料包装相同的安全好处。跟安全性有关。他因削弱,没有塑料包装也能有 这些好处。
B:没有考虑使用塑料包装的经济坏处。跟安全性没有关系,不选。
C:Y企图把大量填埋塑料的责任从塑料包装使用者转移到立法者身上。跟安全性没有关系,不选。
D:Y 没有考虑一些制造者的考虑,即安全性会影响包装的外观。跟安全性没有关系,不选。
E:Y错误地假设X保护的是制造者的利益而不是消费者的权益。跟安全性没有关系,不选。
(详情请看 GMAT逻辑OG16)
GMAT逻辑论证方法题型一般会在中高分数段出现,如果大家遇到这种题型也不要慌张,逻辑缺陷题看似难以琢磨,实际上如果你通过一些关系词分析出逻辑对象或句子之间的关系,逻辑缺陷解题也是轻而易举的。
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