所以，大家在考试中遇到这类题目时一定要注意把握好时间，一般来说我们做一道逻辑题目要花费1.30分钟的时间，但是这类题目遇到我们可能要花费2分钟的时间。但是如果真的碰到这类题目我们该怎么做呢?
论证结构类题型的分类及解法。
论证结构类题型通常有两类，一类是黑体字的作用，另一类是二人对话类的题目，做这类题目的重点是要找到题目的论证结构是怎样展开的，找到题目讲解的重心在哪里。
1、我们可以把题目的论证过程当作一篇文章，来看这篇文章想要表达的主旨是什么?它表达的方式是什么?怎样合理地展开段落和安排结构，是论证结构考察的主要内容。
2、在做黑体字部分作用的题目时，我们一定要把握整个论证结构的走向，是正向的还是负向的，还是两个方向都有……接下来我们来通过题目，掌握一下这种题型的论证方法。
一、论证结构题例题一——黑体字作用题目。
Hunter: Many people blame hunters alone for the decline in Green rock National Forest's deer population over the past ten years. Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest's protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter's argument, the portion in boldface plays which of the following roles?
A. It is the main conclusion of the argument.
B. It is a finding that the argument seeks to explain.
C. It is an explanation that the argument concludes is correct.
D. It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.
E. It introduces a judgment that the argument opposes.
当我们遇到黑体字作用的题目时，问题就可以忽略了，因为问题往往是问黑体字在提干中的作用。本题中只有一个黑体句，是比较简单的，通常这类题目有两部分黑体。
这类题解题时一定要注意文中的关联词，可以推断前后之间的关系。
1、题意：猎人说，很多人指责猎人是G国家公园鹿群数量在过去十年下降的唯一因素。但是很明显，黑熊在这个问题上也贡献颇多。过去十年对森林公园中黑熊的保护导致黑熊数量急剧上升，而且在死去的黑熊肚子里也发现它们之中的很多在死前曾经捕食过鹿。
问题：黑体部分在题干中起到的作用?
2、解题思路：
选项没有涉及到猎人和鹿，而是讨论句子的作用。通过观察原文的结构为：“与作者相反”+ 转折(yet) + “与作者观点一致”(BA模式)。BOLDFACE题目，抓住逻辑主客观定性和逻辑方向两点!首先很多人的指责明显是主观性的判断，其次，题干作为一个整体是在用实例来驳斥这个主观判断的。分析到这里答案就清楚了，选E。
3、选项分析：
A说是辩论的主要结论,论证中有yet, 而黑体是在yet之前，是论证所要反驳的。
B说是辩论所解释的一项发现，但在第一个黑体之后有yet，在这之前是反驳的对象，所以不应该是解释。
C说是辩论支持的一个解释，因为论证中有yet, 所以不是支持。
D说支持了主要结论，论证的结论是熊也是鹿下降的原因，黑体说的是猎人的原因，所以肯定不是支持。
E说辩论所反对的看法， 黑体中认为鹿的数量下降因为猎人的原因，yet后面解释了熊也是重要的原因，所以黑体的内容是整个论证所反对的。
二、论证结构题例题二——黑体字作用题目。
Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, a new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last year's record pace. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies, starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year, and surely the new companies starting up this year will create no more jobs per company than did last year's start-ups. Clearly, it can be concluded that the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last year's record.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first is a prediction that, if accurate, would provide support for the main conclusion of the argument; the second is that main conclusion.
B. The first is a prediction that, if accurate, would provide support for the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a conclusion drawn in order to support that main conclusion.
C. The first is an objection that the argument rejects; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.
D. The first is an objection that the argument rejects; the second presents a conclusion that could be drawn if that objection were allowed to stand.
E. The first is a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes; the second is a claim advanced in support of the main conclusion of the argument.
1、题意：去年的工作岗位达到了新高。今年还会超过记录吗?因为新增的岗位来源于现有的公司和新建立的公司，而今年现有公司的岗位会比去年少。与此同时，没有证据说明今年新公司会提供比去年新公司多的职位。所以，今年的工作岗位会比去年的有所减少.
2、提干分析：
Premise1：new job is created either within... or by... (truth)
Premise2：existing company: below
Premise3：new company: no reason... will more than last year's.
Conclusion：the number of new jobs created this will fall short of last year
分析：三个预测(旧公司创造的就业少于去年;新公司数少;每个新公司创造的就业岗位少)得出结论(今年新增就业岗位少于去年)。
3、选项分析：
A第一个是预测，支持了主要结 论;黑体中有will提示。第二个是主结论，提示词为clearly. 预测与结论之间没有转折词，对结论起支持作用。
B第一个是预测，支持了主要结论;第二个是小结论，用来支持主结论。因为第二个就是结论，所以不对。
C第一个是反对观点，主结论所反对的;第二个是主结论。第一个因为有will, 所以是预测，两个黑体之间没有转折词的提示，而是支持的作用，
D第一个是反对观点，主结论所反对的;第二个是基于反对观点的结论。第一个因为有will,所以是预测，两个黑体之间没有转折词的提示，而是支持的作用，所以不是反对。
E第一个是主张，支持了主结论所反对的观点;第二个是支持主结论的主张。两个黑体之间没有转折词的提示，而是支持的作用，所以不应该是反对。
三、论证结构题例题三——黑体字作用题目。
Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, studies show that of scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty, a disproportionately large number entered their field at an older age than is usual. Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies' finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have aged but rather that scientists over forty have generally spent too long in their field.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first is a claim, the accuracy of which is at issue in the argument; the second is a conclusion drawn on the basis of that claim.
B. The first is an objection that has been raised against a position defended in the argument; the second is that position.
C. The first is evidence that has been used to support, an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is that explanation.
D. The first is evidence that has been used to support an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a competing explanation that the argument favors.
E. The first provides evidence to support an explanation that the argument favors; the second is that explanation.
1、题意：科学家创造性工作都在40岁之前。普遍认为，年龄增长会导致创造力下降。然而，研究表明40岁后做出创造性工作的科学家，平均入行年龄偏高。因为到了40岁，多数科学家都已从事该领域15年以上了，研究结果显示40以上的科学家没创造力不是因为年龄大，而是因为他们从事该领域的时间太长。
2、提干分析：
原因：他们从事该领域的时间太长+40岁后做出创造性工作的科学家，平均入行年龄偏高。结论：科学家创造性工作都在40岁之前。
这个研究强烈表明：为什么科学们40岁之后很少有创造性的工作的根本原因不是他们老了。
第二个黑体部分：科学家们在他们的领域当中工作了太久了。
第一个黑体明显是一个原因(关于他们工作领域时间的一个表述)。
第二个黑体是对于第一个黑体的真正表述和解释。
Argument在这里的翻译应该是这段论述，指的是整个文章。所以作者是支持这个解释的。答案就应该是E。
3、选项分析：
A第一句是声称，其准确性受质疑;第二句是基于第一句的结论。第二句前的the real reason提示后面引出的是原因，第一句并没有受质疑，而是支持了解释。
B第一句是反驳，反驳了总论点所保护的观点;第二句就是那个观点。第二句前的the real reason提示后面引出的是原因。
C第一句是证据，支持了总论点所反对的解释;第二句就是那个解释。支持结论，而不是反对。
D第一句是证据，支持了总论点所反对的解释;第二句是总论点支持的解释。支持结论，而不是反对。
E第一句是证据，支持了总论所偏好的解释;第二句就是那个解释，第二句前的the real reason提示后面引出的是原因。
四、论证结构题例题四——二人对话类题目。
Thyrian lawmaker: Thyria’s Cheese Importation Board inspects all cheese shipments to Thyria and rejects shipments not meeting specified standards. Yet only 1 percent is ever rejected. Therefore, since the health consequences and associated economic costs of not rejecting that 1 percent are negligible, whereas the board’s operating costs are considerable, for economic reasons alone the board should be disbanded.
Consultant: I disagree. The threat of having their shipments rejected deters many cheese exporters from shipping substandard product.
The consultant responds to the lawmaker’s argument by_____.
A. rejecting the lawmaker’s argument while proposing that the standards according to which the board inspects imported cheese should be raised.
B. providing evidence that the lawmaker’s argument has significantly overestimated the cost of maintaining the board.
C. objecting to the lawmaker’s introducing into the discussion factors that are not strictly economic.
D. pointing out a benefit of maintaining the board, which the lawmaker’s argument has failed to consider
E. shifting the discussion from the argument at hand to an attack on the integrity of the cheese inspectors
1、题意：
某人说：C这种东西的一个委员会审核进口的东西，但是只有1%的被退回，但是这1%的东西千万的健康和经济成本是可忽略不计的但这委员会运营要很多成本，因此要把这委员会给解散了。
反方说：退回产品的威胁能阻止许多不合格的产品。
问反对者用了何种方式?
2、选项分析：
A说标准需要提升，无关。
B高估了委员会的成本，无关。
C某人说的某方面是不是经济的，也是无关。
D委员会的好处是某人忽略的，感觉这话说的有点虚，怎么说都找不到有什么毛病，其实这答案说的话有点像阅读题，经常说的虚的要死，就更不好找到错误点。
E说委员会的完整性。不太可能。
本题明显选D。像这种题目什么shifting the discussion这种词都不是一个选项的核心词，阅读题也是一样，不能上来就比这个，这种词只是一个过渡性质的词，在后面关忽句意的东西都比完了后才能看这种词。
习题练习：
A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool Company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged, citing as evidence the company's failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products. It is doubtful whether an investor's sniping at management can ever be anything other than counterproductive, but in this case it is clearly not justified. It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand, but in Burton's case it indicates no such thing. Rather, the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first states the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second provides evidence to undermine the support for the position being opposed.
B. The first states the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second is evidence that has been used to support the position being opposed.
C. The first states the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second states the conclusion of the argument as a whole.
D. The first is evidence that has been used to support a position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second provides information to undermine the force of that evidence.
E. The first is evidence that has been used to support a position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second states the conclusion of the argument as a whole.
例题解析：
1、黑体：题意： BT公司的一位知名投资者说BT公司经营不善，证据是公司错误地在库存上升时没有相应地减少生产。虽然无法确定投资者的不满是否会带来除不良后果之外的其他影响，但是此处没被证实有其他影响。库存的增加反映了产出大于需求，但是对BT来说并非如此。相反，库存增加完全是因为已签的订单被退回来了。
2、逻辑结构：(投资者的看法)mismanaged→evidence(存货多了未降低产量)→not justified(evidence提出的这种情况不能被证实)→evidence
3、正确选项：选项三。第一句是论点所反对的观点;第二句是总结论。第一句claim表明后面跟的是观点， 论证中的but是关键词，而两个黑体是在but 的两边，所以应为反对。第二个黑体中的clearly是结论的提示词。
4、其它选项：
选项一：第一句是论点所反对的观点;第二句提供论据，削弱反对观点，第二句是论证的结论，clearly是结论的提示词。
选项二：第一句是论点所反对的观点;第二句提供论据，支持反对观点。第二句是论证的结论，clearly是结论的提示词。
选项四：第一句是论据，支持反对观点;第二句提供信息，削弱第一句的论据。第一句claim表明后面跟的是观点，第二句是论证的结论，clearly是结论的提示词。
选项五：第一句是论据，支持反对观点;第二句是总结论。第一句claim表明后面跟的是观点，而不是论据。
拓展阅读：
一、黑体字题的概念理解。
问题中出现boldface这个单词的。GMAT逻辑中一类比较特殊的题目，称为Boldface题，也称“黑体题”，“黑脸题”，“BF题”。黑体题是考察黑体字部分在文中起到的作用，需要对文章整体进行把握。
二、黑体字题的标志词和术语。
1、标志词：英文标志词：boldface, play roles etc.
2、术语：
1)论据(evidence)经常由because, since, must be, for引出。
2)论点：conclusion, argument, thought, think, opinion, generalization.经常由so ,clearly, hence等引出。Mid conclusion, subsidy conclusion, intermediate conclusion为分论点。
3)claim--something which someone says which they cannot prove and which may be false.
4)finding--the information someone get.
5)premise--something that you suppose is true and that you use as a basis for developing an idea
6)judgement--an opinion formed by judging something.
3、典型问法。
其标志是题干部分有一处或两处(通常是两处)的加粗;问题通常是问黑体字部分plays which of the following roles?
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