逻辑提干如何读。
逻辑部分解题首先要学会怎样读提干，读提干的主要目的就是找题目的前提和结论，尤其是在假设、支持、削弱和评价题当中。要找前提和结论，我们首先要知道前提和结论的提示词有哪些，有哪些词就可以判断出来是前提或结论。
Premise Indicators(前提的提示词)：because/since/for/for example/for the reason that/as indicated by/due to/owing to/this can be seen from/we know this by…
Conclusion Indicators(结论标志词)：thus/therefore/hence/consequently/as a result/so/accordingly/must be that/shows that/conclude that/follows that/for this reason…
知道前提和结论的提示词后我们应该干什么呢?
一、当前提和结论完整时。
1、明确提干推理——是现象解释还是方案解决或者……
1)如果是现象解释。应该要注意原因，在做假设或者支持题时，要注意原因具有唯一性，在做削弱题时就要证明有它因导致结果发生。
2)方案解决。方案解决通常是为了达到某个目的而采取了某种方案。
2、例题分析。
1)现象解释类题目。
Statistics over four consecutive years showed that four percent more automobile accidents happened in California during the week following the switch to daylight saving time and during the week following the switch back to standard time than occurred the week before each event. These statistics show that these time changes adversely affect the alertness of California divers.
The conclusion in the argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Drivers in California as well as those in the rest of the United States have similar driving patterns.
(B) The observed increases in accident rates are due almost entirely to an increase in the number of minor accidents.
(C) Four years is not a sufficiently long period of time over which to judge the phenomenon described.
(D) There are no other factors such as school vacations or holiday celebration that cause accident rates to rise during these weeks.
(E) A time change at any other time of years would not produce a similar increase in accident rates.
例题解析：连续四年的数据都显示(现象或陈述事实)，当时间转到夏令时，有4%更多的机动车事故发生是在加利福尼亚，当时间转回到正常时间时，交通事故率也很高。(两个时间一种现象)。这些数据显示出来，时间的改变实际上影响了加利福尼亚司机的灵敏度。(结论)
关键词：switch to/ back to daylight saving time
—> alertness
—> accidents
题目明显是给出了某种现象，来询问原因。所以，这个题目是现象解释型题目。Assumptions告诉我们是假设题型。刚才我们提到在假设或支持类题目中，正确选项要证明原因具有唯一性。
选项A说加利福尼亚司机和其它地方司机具有相同的驾驶习惯，和提干原因无关。
选项B观察到的交通事故率的上升是因为小事故数量的上升，无关。
选项C提干当中只用到了四年数据，四年数据不足以用来判断这个现象。如果四年数据不够长，那么就否定了前提，是削弱，方向相反，错误。
选项D说没有其它的原因会导致现象的发生。正好论证了现象的发生具有唯一性。
选项E说在其它任何时间段的时间改变，都不会有事故率的上升。和提干中提到的时间不符，无关选项。
2)方案解决型。
The best argument for the tenure system that protects professional employment in universities is that it allows veteran faculty to hire people smarter than they are and yet remain secure in the knowledge that unless they themselves are caught in an act of moral turpitude-a concept that in the present climate almost defies definition- the younger faculty cannot turn around and fire them. This is not true in industry.
Which of the following assumptions is most likely to have been made by the author of the argument above?
A. Industry should follow the example of universities and protect the jobs of managers by instituting a tenure system.
B. If no tenure system existed, veteran faculty would be reluctant to hire new faculty who might threaten the veteran faculty's own jobs.
C. The traditional argument that the tenure system protects scholars in universities from being dismissed for holding unconventional or unpopular beliefs is no longer persuasive.
D. If a stronger consensus concerning what constitutes moral turpitude existed, the tenure system in universities would be expendable.
E. Veteran faculty will usually hire and promote new faculty whose scholarship is more up-to-date than their own.
题意：任期系统允许老员工雇用一些有能力的新员工，雇佣系统的功能就是雇用有能力的新员工，这是一种提出方案达到目的的题目。
提干分析：
根据问题中的提示词assumptions我们判断出题目是假设题，且根据题意分析题目为方案解决型题目。在假设或支持题型中我们要保证方案可行或方案能达到目的，而在削弱题型中我们要证明方案不可行或者方案达不到目标。
选项分析：
选项A说企业实际上应该跟随大学中的做法，保护公司管理层的职位。没有论证方案的可行性。无关选项。
选项B如果没有任期系统的存在，那么有经验的老员工可能不愿雇用新员工，因为新员工可能会威胁到自己的职位。论证了这个系统存在的价值，说明这个方案是有意义的。
选项C说传统的争论实际上不再有说服率。说的是unconventional or unpopular beliefs，和方案无关。
选项D如果说有一个更加清冽的一致的意见，关于反道德行为的定义是明确的，那么这个方案就可以放弃了，削弱，方向相反，错。
选项E也没有说明能不能招聘到有能力的新员工，也没有说明这个任期系统能不能达到目的，所以是无关项。
二、当前提和结论不完整时——归纳题。
1、归纳题需要注意的事项：
1)正确答案总是能通过原文中的事实来证明。
2)许多错误答案的叙述总是有可能对或可能发生，但不是一定发生。
3)所有能得出正确答案的信息都来自原文中。也就是说选项中不能出现原文中的新信息。
2、例题分析。
If an investment has produced no profit ,tax relief predicated on having made the investment is no help; any comforted manager who fears that a new asset will not make money is scarcely comforted by promises of reductions in taxes the corporation will nor owe.
Which of the following is the most reliable inference to draw from the passage above?
A. An effective way to discourage unprofitable corporate investment is to predicate tax relief on the making of profitable investments.
B. Corporate managers are likely to ignore tax considerations in deciding to invest in assets they believe will be profitable.
D. The less importance a corporate manager attaches to tax considerations, the more likely it is that the manager will accurately factor in a profitability of an investment.
E. The critical factor in a corporate investment decision is likely be a corporate manager’s emotional response to perceived business conditions.
关键词：profit—> tax relief
no help; any comforted
根据问题中的标志词inference，我们发现这是一道归纳题。
题目明显是给出了某种现象，来询问原因。所以，这个题目是现象解释型题目。Assumptions告诉我们是假设题型。刚才我们提到在假设或支持类题目中，正确选项要证明原因具有唯一性。
选项分析：
选项A说一种有效的方法鼓励这些没有获得收益的公司是去预测这些公司的税收减免。提干中说即使能够预测税收减免，但是如果没有获得收益，那也是无用的。所以此选项错误。
选项B公司管理层很可能会忽视在确定投资的时候会忽视对税收的考虑。没有帮助并不代表会忽视，错。
选项C在做新投资的时候，税收的减免不能够促进新的投资。提干中说，即使能够预测税收的减免，但是如果不能获得收益，那也是无用的。所以C选项是对原文的总结，保留。
选项D说公司管理层觉得税收没有那么重要的时候，那么公司管理层能够很好预测到这项投资是否获得收益，无关选项。
选项E说在公司投资的一个重要因素， emotional response是出现的新信息，原文中并没有提到，无关。
习题练习：
When a polygraph test is judged inconclusive, this is no reflection on the examinee. Rather, such a judgment means that the test has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful. Nevertheless, employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant because of an inconclusive polygraph test result.
Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?
A. Most examinees with inconclusive polygraph test results are in fact untruthful.
B. Polygraph tests should not be used by employers in the consideration of job applicants.
C. An inconclusive polygraph test result is sometimes unfairly held against the examinee.
D. A polygraph test indicating that an examinee is untruthful can sometimes be mistaken.
E. Some employers have refused to consider the results of polygraph tests when evaluating job applicants.
例题分析：
1、归纳题：题意：如果测谎仪被认定为无结果时，就不能反应出测试者情况。这样的判断意味着测试不能显示出是否测试者是诚实的或者不诚实的。但是，雇主有时会拒绝因为无结果的测试结果而拒绝雇佣一个工作的应聘者。问题是要从上面的信息中得出一个结论。
2、上面的信息思路是：测谎仪测试无效，雇主却以此结果拒绝应聘者。显然结论应对这一行为进行总结。
3、所以正确选项为第三选项。无结果的测试结果有时用来拒绝应聘者是不公平。显然对这一行为进行了归纳总结。
4、其它选项：
选项一：有无结果的测谎仪测试结果的大部分测试者是不诚实的。显然错误结论。
选项二：在考虑应聘者是，测谎考试不应该使用。显然，如果有效的测谎考试还是可以使用的。所有错误，也未对上面的行为做出归纳评价。
选项四：显示测试者不诚实的测谎测试有时是错误的，不是上面信息思路的结论。
选项五： 有些雇主在评估应聘者时拒绝考虑测谎的结果，与上面信息无关。
拓展阅读：
1、归纳题的定义。
归纳题，是对文章内容进行进一步的总结归纳或是深层推理。在把握文章信息的基础上，通过排除法，排除无关项，选出正确答案。
2、标志词。
标志词：conclusion; inferred; implied; supported; if above true, then it is also true etc.。特别注意support不仅仅用于归纳法。
3、典型问法。
Which of the following are supported by the argument above?
如果换个说法就可以变成加强题型的表述：
Which of the following support the argument above?
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