在逻辑中因为问题指向的逻辑关系不同而改变答案的题目很多，今天小编就为大家整理了一些题目，希望这些题目能对大家解答类似题目提供帮助。
98. (32682-!-item-!-188;#058&006783) (GWD 28-Q29)
Early in the twentieth century, Lake Konfa became very polluted.Recently fish populations have recovered as release of industrial pollutants has declined and the lake’s waters have become cleaner. Fears are now being voiced that the planned construction of an oil pipeline across the lake’s bottom might revive pollution and cause the fish population to decline again. However, a technology for preventing leaks is being installed. Therefore, provided this technology is effective, those fears are groundless.
V1.The argument depends on assuming which of the following?
A. Apart from development related to the pipeline, there will be no new industrial development around the lake that will create renewed pollution in its waters.
B. There is no reason to believe that the leak-preventing technology would be ineffective when installed in the pipeline in Lake Konfa.
C. The bottom of the lake does not contain toxic remnants of earlier pollution that will be stirred into the water by pipeline construction.
D. Damage to the lake’s fish populations would be the only harm that a leak of oil from the pipeline would cause.
E. The species of fish that are present in Lake Konfa now are the same as those that were in the lake before it was affected by pollution.
V2.The argument depends on assuming which of the following?
A.Apart from development related to the pipeline, there will be no new industrial development around the lake that will create renewed pollution in its waters.
B.Other than the possibility of a leak, there is no realistic pollution threat posed to the lake by the pipeline's construction.
C.There is no reason to believe that the leak-preventing technology would be ineffective when installed in the pipeline in Lake Konfa.
D.Damage to the lake's fish populations would be the only harm that a leak of oil from the pipeline would cause.
E.The species of fish that are present in Lake Konfa now are the same as those that were in the lake before it was affected by pollution.
V3.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A.The pipeline's construction will disturb sediments at the bottom of the lake, dispersing into the water toxic pollutants that have settled there.
B.Changes in land use and drainage patterns around the lake mean that the lake's waters are increasingly likely to be affected by agricultural runoff.
C.The leak-preventing technology has been in use for several years without any pipeline in which it is installed developing serious leaks.
D.A major leak of oil from the pipeline would harm not only the lake's fish but also populations of other aquatic animals and plants.
E.Since the beginning of the twentieth century, non-native species of fish have been introduced into the lake and now make up a considerable proportion of its overall fish population.
109. (30048-!-item-!-188;#058&004735) (GWD 29-Q27)
Though sucking zinc lozenges has been promoted as a treatment for the common cold, research has revealed no consistent effect. Recently, however, a zinc gel applied nasally has been shown to greatly reduce the duration of colds. Since the gel contains zinc in the same form and concentration as the lozenges, the greater effectiveness of the gel must be due to the fact that cold viruses tend to concentrate in the nose, not the mouth.
V1.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Experimental subjects who used the zinc gel not only had colds of shorter duration but also had less severe symptoms than did those who used a gel that did not contain zinc.
B. The mechanism by which zinc affects the viruses that cause the common cold has not been conclusively established.
C. To make them palatable, zinc lozenges generally contain other ingredients, such as citric acid, that can interfere with the chemical activity of zinc.
D. No zinc-based cold remedy can have any effect unless it is taken or applied within 48 hours of the initial onset of cold symptoms.
E. Drug-company researchers experimenting with a nasal spray based on zinc have found that it has much the same effect on colds as the gel does.
题干分析
有两种治流感的药，一种是suck 的zinc，一种是用在鼻腔里的zinc，但是后者效果更好，而两者 的zinc 含量化学组成都是完全一样的，所以结论是病毒大部分都集中在鼻子里所以才导致后者效果好。问削弱。
选项分析
· 只要找到一个条件能说明有其他的东西能影响前者的药效就行了。
· A为无关比较，比较了zinc gel 和gel that did not contain zinc 的药效区别，无关。
· B为无关选项，说zinc 如何影响病毒的具体机制还没弄明白，同样解释不了两种药为什么药效有差别。
· C为正确答案。C 说明lozenges 里面其实含有很多其他的物质可以削弱zinc 的药效，所以不一定是因为病毒 鼻子里更多才导致gel 效果好的，从而削弱。
· D 为无关选项。No zinc-based cold remedy，明显和我们要反驳的结论无关嘛。
· E 应该是strengthen 了原文结论。既然两种药在实验中药效是相同的，那么后者好估计就是因为病毒都在鼻 子里所以杀的多效果显著。
V2.In order to evaluate the argument, it would be most helpful to determine which of the following?
A.Whether zinc is effective only against colds, or also has an effect on other virally caused diseases
B.Whether there are remedies that do not contain zinc but that, when taken orally, can reduce the duration of colds
C.Whether people who frequently catch colds have a zinc deficiency
D.Whether either the zinc gel or the lozenges contain ingredients that have an impact on the activity of the zinc
E.Whether the zinc gel has an effect on the severity of cold symptoms, as well as on their duration
原文说ZL对治疗感冒有效 虽然研究人员不这么认为 同时ZG也有被证明更有效在感冒的持续时间上 因为G和L有相同的形式和浓度 G的效果越好因为病毒喜欢呆在鼻子而不是嘴 问说评价
A只要比较对象原文没提过此选项肯定错
B原文没比较不含锌的药物啊
C经常得感冒是否有锌缺乏症。。。
DZG和ZL的所含物质问题 原文说到过吧
E是不ZG对于感冒的严重性上也有和持续性有相同的疗效 这哪和哪啊。。。杀
做完 此题用客观就足以解决问题
100. (30745-!-item-!-188;#058&005748)
Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium transmitted to humans by deer ticks. Generally, deer ticks pick up the bacterium while in the larval stage by feeding on infected white-footed mice.However, certain other species on which the larvae feed do not harbor the bacterium.If the population of these other species were increased, more of the larvae would be feeding on uninfected hosts, so the number of ticks acquiring the bacterium would likely decline.
V1.Which of the following would it be most important to ascertain in evaluating the argument?
A.Whether populations of the other species on which deer tick larvae feed are found only in areas also inhabited by white-footed mice
B.Whether the size of the deer tick population is currently limited by the availability of animals for the tick's larval stage to feed on
C.Whether the infected deer tick population could be controlled by increasing the number of animals that prey on white-footed mice
D.Whether deer ticks that were not infected as larvae can become infected as adults by feeding on deer on which infected deer ticks have fed
E.Whether the other species on which deer tick larvae feed harbor any other bacteria that ticks transmit to humans
直接查看题目解答和评论
题干分析
L是一种通过deer tick n. 鹿蜱传播给人的一种疾病。一般来看，鹿虱子一般是在幼虫阶段吃了感染的白脚 鼠。但是吃了其它物种的老鼠就不会感染病菌。如果别的物种增多，那么他们将增加吃未被感染的物种的机会， 所以的感染病菌的概率就会降低。问评价?
选项分析
· 需要判断的是如果不吃白脚鼠，那么感染的几率就降低。
· A：是否鹿的虱子为食的其他物种的老鼠只在白脚鼠存在的地区存在。这个是无关项。
· B：是否鹿虱的种群密度被他们现在所使用的食物限制。意思是幼虫阶段对于虱子今后的数量很重要，而且在 幼虫阶段食物被限制了，就像文中所说的让别的物种吃了，那么虱子吃到的就少了，虱子吃到的少了，那么得 病的几率就低了。
· C：是否感染的鹿虱的密度可以被哪些已白脚鼠为食的动物控制。
· D：是否在幼虫时未被感染的鹿虱会在成年时被感染，如果吃了被感染的鹿虱所持的东西。
· E：是否鹿虱吃的其他物种能组织其他传染给人类的病菌。
V2.Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A.Ticks do not suffer any adverse consequences from carrying the bacterium that causes Lyme disease in humans.
B.There are no known cases of a human's contracting Lyme disease through contact with white-footed mice.
C.A deer tick feeds only once while in the larval stage.
D.A single host animal can be the source of bacteria for many tick larvae.
E.None of the other species on which deer tick larvae feed harbor other bacteria that ticks transmit to humans.
直接查看题目解答和评论
问什么选项加强。 要加强的是增加别的玩意的数量。
C说 鹿虱们幼虫时期只吃一顿， 如果有只有白脚老鼠， 那就要感染了。 如果有大量其他东西可以吃， 鹿虱们吃到白脚老鼠的机会就大大减少。 因为他们只吃一次! 所以人类感染的可能也小。
题目分析：
A围绕的是tick do not suffer这种动物谈的，与原文所谈范围是相反的，杀。
B说以前是否有人接触耗子得病的历史，没说过，杀。
C说tick这种动物在larval这个阶段只吃一次，原文说过tick在幼虫时进食问题，信息和原文有交叉，留着。
D说一个单一的宿主能够是很多细菌的来源，没说过，杀。
E说other bacteria，范围显然不对，杀。
111. (30514-!-item-!-188;#058&005454) (GWD 30-Q27)
Personnel officer: The exorbitant cost of our health-insurance benefits reflects the high dollar amount of medical expenses incurred by our employees. Employees who are out of shape, as a group, have higher doctor bills and longer hospital stays than do their colleagues who are fit. Therefore, since we must reduce our health-insurance costs, we should offer a rigorous fitness program of jogging and weight lifting to all employees, and require employees who are out of shape to participate.
V1.Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the personnel officer's proposal?
A. The medical expenses incurred by fit people who participate in a program of jogging and weight lifting are less than those incurred by fit people who do not participate in such a program.
B. More otherwise fit people are injured by participating in rigorous jogging and weight-lifting programs than are injured by participating in moderate jogging and weight-lifting programs.
C. The likelihood of incurring medical expenses is slightly greater for people who participate in fitness programs offered by their employers than it is for people who participate in programs offered commercially.
D. Moderate fitness programs increase the average person's fitness to the same extent that rigorous fitness programs do.
E. More health problems and injuries are the result of mandatory participation in a fitness program than are the result of voluntary participation.
V2.The conclusion reached by the personnel officer depends on which of the following assumptions?
A.A person who is fit would receive a routine physical checkup by a doctor less regularly than would a person who is out of shape.
B.The medical expenses incurred by employees who are required to participate in the fitness program would be less than those incurred by employees who are not required to participate.
C.The strenuous activities required of out-of-shape employees by the program would not by themselves generate medical expenses greater than any reduction achieved by the program.
D.The fitness program would serve more employees who are out of shape than it would employees who are fit.
E.The employees who participate in the fitness program would be away from work because of illness less than would the employees who do not participate.
A说一个健康的人和一个不健康的人哪种人接受体检更频繁，原文没说过这个比较，杀。
B说那些参加锻炼的人和那些不参加锻炼的人那个医疗费用高，也没说过这种比较，杀。
C说健身的那些program生成的医疗费用不会高于program本身，这个选项就是说健身后没有别的花费产生，明显是把其他出口堵死的支持方法，留着。
D说健身项目适用于哪种人更多一些，没提，杀。
E说那些健身的和不健身的哪种人因病离开工作的更多，显然没说，杀。
40岁创造力
V1.80. (24979-!-item-!-188;#058&001383)
In many scientific disciplines, scientists generally do not do highly creative work beyond the age of forty, a tendency that has normally been taken to show that aging carries with it a loss of creative capacity. However, by the age of forty most scientists have been working in their chosen field for at least fifteen years, so an alternative explanation is that spending too long in a single field reduces the opportunity for creative thought.
Investigating which of the following would be most useful in choosing between the competing explanations described above?
A. Whether among those scientists who do highly creative work beyond age forty a large proportion entered their field at a considerably later age than is common
B. Whether scientists' choice of research projects tends to be influenced by their own belief that their most creative work will be done relatively early in their career
C. Whether scientists who are older than forty tend to find more satisfaction in other activities, such as teaching and mentoring, than they do in pursuing their own research
D. Whether funding agencies are more inclined to award research grants to scientists who are veterans in their field than to scientists who are relative newcomers
E. Whether there is significant variation among scientific fields in the average age at which scientists working in those fields are at their most productive
V2.94. (25027-!-item-!-188;#058&001384) (GWD-17-Q39)
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
On the whole, scientists do their most creative work before age forty, a tendency that has been taken to show that aging carries with it a loss of creative capacity. An alternative explanation is that by age forty most scientists have worked in their field for fifteen or more years and that by then they have exhausted the opportunity for creative work in that field. Supporting this explanation is the finding that __________.
A. the average age of recipients of scientific research grants is significantly greater than forty
B. a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond age forty entered their field at an older age than is common
C. many scientists temper their own expectations of what they can achieve in their research work by their belief that their creativity will decline as they age
D. scientists who are older than forty tend to find more satisfaction in other activities, such as teaching and mentoring, than they do in pursuing their own research
E. there is a similar diminution of creativity with age in nonscientific fields, such as poetry and musical composition
大卡车：
In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently have a much higher rate of traffic accidents per mile driven than other vehicles do. However, the very largest trucks are those with three trailers¡ªhad less than a third of the accident rate of single- and double-trailer trucks. Clearly, therefore, one way for Partoria to reduce the number of traffic accidents would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.
V1.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Partorian trucking companies currently use triple-trailer trucks only for long trips using major highways, which is the safest kind of trip for large trucks.
B. No matter what changes Partoria makes in the regulation of trucking, it will have to keep some smaller roads off-limits to all large trucks.
C. Increased use of triple-trailer trucks would mean that large trucks would account for a smaller proportion of all miles driven on Partoria¡¯s roads than they currently do.
D. In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years.
E. The volume of truck traffic on Partoria¡¯s highways could be reduced by encouraging shippers to use rail transport whenever possible.
V2.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. No matter what changes Partoria makes in the regulation of trucking, it will have to keep some smaller roads off-limits to all large trucks.
B. So far only the best, most experienced drivers for Partorian trucking companies have been driving triple-trailer trucks.
C. Very few fatal collisions involving trucks in Partoria are collisions between two trucks.
D. In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years.
E. In Partoria, the maximum legal payload of a triple-trailer truck is less than three times the maximum legal payload of the largest of the single-trailer trucks
V3.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Partorian trucking companies have so far used triple-trailer trucks on lightly traveled sections of major highways only.
B. No matter what changes Partoria makes in the regulation of trucking, it will have to keep some smaller roads off-limits to all large trucks.
C. Very few fatal collisions involving trucks in Partoria are collisions between two trucks.
D. In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years.
E. In Partoria, the maximum legal payload of a triple-trailer truck is less than three times the maximum legal payload of the largest of the single-trailer trucks.
儿童感冒：
V1.
Until now, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available. They have been used primarily by older adults, who are at risk for complications from influenza. A new vaccine administered in a nasal spray has proven effective in preventing influenza in children. Since children are significantly more likely than adults to contract and spread influenza, making the new vaccine widely available for children will greatly reduce the spread of influenza across the population.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A. If a person receives both the injectable and the nasal-spray vaccine, the two vaccines do not interfere with each other.
B. The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as injectable vaccines do.
C. Government subsidies have kept the injectable vaccine affordable for all older adults.
D. Of the older adults who contract influenza, relatively few contract it from children with influenza.
E. Many parents would be more inclined to have their children vaccinated against influenza if the vaccination did not require an injection
V2.
Until now, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available. Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain of injections, but adults, who are at risk of serious complications from influenza, are commonly vaccinated. A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children. However, since children seldom develop serious complications from influenza, no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal-spray vaccine as well.
B.The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as jnjectable vaccines do.
C.The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults.
D.Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.
E.The nasal spray vaccine is most effective when administered to adults.
正确答案D
文章说小孩因为打针怕疼所以大人就不给他们注射疫苗 而且这个病成年人接触机会比较大 最近又发明了一种无痛的预防方法 但是因为小孩得病比较少 所以对于社会的好处并没有显现
A接受打针的人也能安全的接受这种方式 原文有说过类似比较吗
B预防机制是不是一样 原文有说吗
C打针对于成年人是不是付得起。。。 原文没说价格这事吧
D成年人不会从得病的小孩传染 说的是传染问题 有关 先放下
E这种方式对于成年人是不是最有效的 是不是最有效的原文有讨论哪种方式吗
----------------------------------------------------------
D取非, 拿掉not。大人會經由接觸小孩得病，那麼就反駁原文。需要有接種的必要了!
卡车运输：
Trancorp currently transports all its goods to Burland Island by truck. The only bridge over the channel separating Burland from the mainland is congested, and trucks typically spend hours in traffic. Trains can reach the channel more quickly than trucks, and freight cars can be transported to Burland by barges that typically cross the channel in an hour. Therefore, to reduce shipping time, Trancorp plans to switch to trains and barges to transport goods to Burland.
V1.Which of the following would be most important to know in determining whether Trancorp's plan, if implemented, is likely to achieve its goal?
A. Whether transportation by train and barge would be substantially less expensive than transportation by truck
B. Whether there are boats that can make the trip between the mainland and Burland faster than barges can
C. Whether loading the freight cars onto barges is very time consuming
D. Whether the average number of vehicles traveling over the bridge into Burland has been relatively constant in recent years
E. Whether most trucks transporting goods into Burland return to the mainland empty
V2.Which of the following, if true, casts most serious doubt on whether Trancorp's plan will succeed?
A. It does not cost significantly more to transport goods to Burland by truck than it does to transport goods by train and barge.
B. The number of cars traveling over the bridge into Burland is likely to increase slightly over the next two years.
C. Because there has been so much traffic on the roads leading to the bridge between Burland and the mainland, these roads are in extremely poor condition.
D. Barges that arrive at Burland typically wait several hours for their turn to be unloaded.
E. Most trucks transporting goods into Burland return to the mainland empty.
老年人补助：
V1.86. (24835-!-item-!-188;#058&001244)
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Concerned about the financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65. Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians. Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part because __________.
A. they rely entirely on the government pension for their income
B. Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check
C. they buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation
D. the pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high
E. in Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living
V2.87. (31284-!-item-!-188;#058&005747)
Two years ago, the government of Runagia increased by 20 percent the government-provided pensions paid to Runagians over 65. The aim of the increase was to stimulate the economy in the rural regions of the country, where most pension recipients live. Statistics, however, show that there has been no increase in economic activity in those regions since then, but that there has been noticeably more spending in the urban areas.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why the increase resulted in the unintended state of affairs described?
A. Until the pensions were increased, many Runagians over 65 in rural regions had been receiving support from their children who live in urban areas.
B. The pensions were increased when the number of people below the poverty level in rural areas of Runagia reached an all-time high.
C. City-dwellers in Runagia rarely travel to rural regions of the country.
D. The Runagian postal system is so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks for pension checks to reach recipients in rural areas.
E. On average, the pensions were higher in rural than in urban areas before the increase.
65岁以下利息免税：
V1.78. (24029-!-item-!-188;#058&000661)
To improve the long-term savings rate of the citizens of Levaska, the country's legislature decided to implement a plan that allows investors to save up to $1,000 per year in special accounts without paying taxes on the interest earned unless withdrawals are made before the investor reaches age sixty-five. Withdrawals from these accounts prior to age sixty-five would result in the investor's having to pay taxes on all the accumulated interest at the time of withdrawal.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the legislature's plan will have its intended effect?
A. The money saved in the tax-free savings accounts will be deposited primarily in those banks and financial institutions that supported the legislation instituting the plan.
B. The majority of people choosing to take advantage of the tax-free savings accounts will withdraw their money prior to age sixty-five.
C. A significant number of the citizens of Levaska will invest in the tax-free savings accounts well before they reach the age of sixty-five.
D. During the ten years prior to implementation of the plan, Levaskans deposited an increasingly smaller percentage of their annual income in long-term savings accounts.
E. People who are not citizens of Levaska are not eligible to invest in the tax-free savings accounts, even if their income is taxable in Levaska.
V2.71. (31165-!-item-!-188;#058&006004)
In order to improve the long-term savings rate of its citizens, Levaska¡¯s government has decided to introduce special savings accounts. Citizens can save up to $3,000 a year in special accounts without having to pay tax on the interest, unless they withdraw money from the account before they reach the age of sixty-five. If they do withdraw any money before that age, they have to pay tax on the accumulated interest and a penalty.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously threatens the success of the government¡¯s plan?
A. The banks and financial institutions where the special accounts will be held lobbied hard for their introduction.
B. Nearly all workers in Levaska can already save money in tax-free accounts through their workplace.
C. For the past ten years, Levaskans have been depositing an ever smaller percentage of their income in long-term savings.
D. Many Levaskans continue to work beyond the age of sixty-five.
E. In certain circumstances, such as a serious illness, the government plans to waive the penalty on early withdrawals from the special accounts.
题干分析
L国为了增加它公民的long-term savings rate，出台了一项政策。这个政策允许公民每年存$1000 而不用交税。但是这个政策有个前提，即公民在65 岁之前不能取出这些钱，如果要取，就必须把本利累积起 来的税都缴了。问怎样削弱政府政策.
选项分析
A：lobbied hard for their introduction，有利于special savings accounts 的推广，支持，错
B：special savings accounts 的吸引力在于免税，如果工人现在不参加这个special savings accounts已 经可以免税存款，这个special savings accounts 就没有吸引力了，反驳，对
C：存款比例减少与免税存款的吸引力之间无直接关系，无关，错
D：工作年限与免税存款的吸引力之间无直接关系，无关，错
E：waive the penalty on early withdrawals from the special accounts 会让这special accounts 更具吸引 力，支持，错
犀牛被捕：
In a certain wildlife park, park rangers are able to track the movements of many rhinoceroses because those animals wear radio collars. When, as often happens, a collar slips off, it is put back on. Putting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart. Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently re-collared have significantly lower fertility rates than uncollared females. Probably, therefore, some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility.
V1.In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to determine which of the following?
A. Whether there are more collared female rhinoceroses than uncollared female rhinoceroses in the park
B. How the tranquilizer that is used for immobilizing rhinoceroses differs, if at all, from tranquilizers used in working with other large mammals
C. How often park rangers need to use tranquilizer darts to immobilize rhinoceroses for reasons other than attaching radio collars
D. Whether male rhinoceroses in the wildlife park lose their collars any more often than the park¡¯s female rhinoceroses do
E. Whether radio collars are the only practical means that park rangers have for tracking the movements of rhinoceroses in the park
题干分析：犀牛会掉collar,掉了装回去需要用镇定剂.发现那些总是被装回collar的母犀牛繁殖力低.结论:镇定剂 中某些物质阻碍繁殖. 要求评估.
选项分析
A、比较未安装radio collar 和已安装radio collar 的雌性犀牛的数量谁多谁少——没有提到生育力，所以无关
B、比较犀牛和其他的大型动物关于使用镇定剂的不同——没有提到生育能力，且文中并未出现大型动物，完全无关
C、翻译：除了给犀牛安装radio collar 这个原因之外，park ranger 给犀牛注射镇定剂以致它们失去行动力的频率有多高。-----因为假设因为其它原因注射镇定剂,就会影响结果.
D、比较雄性犀牛和雌性犀牛的radio collar 掉落率——没有提到生育能力，且结论并未提到雄性犀牛，无关
E、radio collar 是不是唯一的能够使人们追踪到犀牛的唯一实用方法——跟结论中的镇定剂和生育力之间的关系完全无关
V2.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The dose of tranquilizer delivered by a tranquilizer dart is large enough to give the rangers putting collars on rhinoceroses a generous margin of safety.
B. The fertility rate of uncollared female rhinoceroses in the park has been increasing in the past few decades.
C. Any stress that female rhinoceroses may suffer as a result of being immobilized and handled has little or no negative effect on their fertility.
D. The male rhinoceroses in the wildlife park do not lose their collars as often as the park¡¯s female rhinoceroses do.
E. The tranquilizer used in immobilizing rhinoceroses is the same as the tranquilizer used in working with other large mammals.
假设就是母犀牛在被射击时候产生的情绪压力对他们生宝宝没影响!消除其他原因。
28. GWD30-Q28:
In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered. Presently, no objective test for whiplash exists, so it is true that spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified. Nevertheless, these facts do not warrant a conclusion that has been drawn by some commentators: that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious. Clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered.
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
V1.
The first is a claim that the argument disputes; the second is a conclusion that has been based on that claim.
The first is claim that has been used to support a position that the argument accepts; the second is a position that the argument rejects.
The first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second is the judgment reached by the argument concerning the accuracy of the finding.
The first is a finding whose implications are at issue in the argument; the second is the judgment reached by the argument concerning one alleged implication.
The first is a finding, the explanation of which is at issue in the argument; the second is an objection that has been raised against the explanation that the argument defends.
黑体字之间有个NEVERTHELESS，转折关键词，因此可知两句黑体字是对立的关系，所以排除A：the second is a conclusion that has been based on that claim.(那意思是第二句变成第一句的递进关系了，可是事实明明是相反的。所以A错)
B：本文的conclusion是第二句，明明已经是跟第一句对立了，怎么还可能是support a conclusion that the argument accepts?排除
C：错误与B同
E：表达的意思是第一句与第二句是递进意思。排除
只剩D，D中有 argue against,表达了这两句句子相反的意思
V2.
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
The first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second is an intermediate conclusion drawn to support the judgment reached by the argument on the accuracy of that finding.
The first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second is evidence that has been used to challenge the accuracy of that finding.
The first is a finding whose implications are at issue in the argument; the second is an intermediate conclusion that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument criticizes.
The first is a claim that the argument disputes; the second is a narrower claim that the argument accepts.
The first is a claim that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument accepts; the second is that conclusion.
V3.
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A.The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument criticizes; the second is that conclusion.
B.The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument criticizes; the second is the position that the argument defends.
C.The first is a claim that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument accepts; the second is the position that the argument defends.
D.The first is an intermediate conclusion that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument defends; the second is the position that the argument opposes.
E.The first presents a claim that is disputed in the argument; the second is a conclusion that has been drawn on the basis of that claim.
题干分析
在车辆保险会补偿事故中的whiplash injuries 的国家，对这种injuries 的理赔申请比不补偿的国家 多两倍。有些评论者就说，既然现在没有一个客观判定whiplash 的方法，骗保的行为就很难被识别。他们的 这个想法是正确的，但接下来的进一步分析就错了：他们认为在那些whiplash injuries 频率更高的国家，一半 的whiplash injuries 都是骗保的作假案例。他们错在没有认识到这个事实：保险不补偿whiplash injuries 的 国家，人们就算遭受到了whiplash injuries 也没有报告的动机。
选项分析
· 黑脸题，分清逻辑链。
· A：前者用来证明一个结论，而这个结论是作者质疑的。后者就是这个结论。如果后者确实是这个结论，从 correctly 可以看出，作者是支持这个结论的。错。
· B：前者用来证明一个结论，而这个结论是作者质疑的。后者是这段话要支持的论点。题目做多了大家都会有 感觉，知道真正的重点在However 后面，这题也确实是这样，所以说第二个黑脸并不是这段话的要说明的中 心论点。错。
· C：前者证明了一个作者接受的结论，后者是这段话要支持的论点。和B一样，还是错。
· D：前者是一个中间结论，用来证明作者要支持的主论点;后者是这段话要反对的论点。一样的，后一个黑脸， 作者都说了correctly 了，不大可能是反对，错。
· E：前者提出了一个有争议的话题，后者是以这个话题为基础得出的一个结论。正确。
V4
In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation
for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of
having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in
countries where whiplash is not covered. Some commentators
have argued, correctly, that since there is presently no
objective test for whiplash, spurious reports of whiplash
injuries cannotbe readily identified. These commentators are,
however, wrong to draw the further conclusion that in the
countries with the higherrates of reported whiplash injuries, half of
the reported cases are spurious: clearly, in countires where
automobile insurance doesnot include compensation for whiplash,
people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that
they actually have suffered.
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the
following roles?
A: The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion
that the argument criticizes; the second is that conclusion
This is correct answer it matches the definition of the role, while the others do not.
B: The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion
that the argument criticizes; the second is the position that the
argument defends
Right on the first one, wrong on the second one: the argument does not defend the conclusion in the 2nd boldface.
C: The first is a claim that has been used to support a conclusion
that the argument accepts; the second is the position that the argument defends
Wrong on both counts: the argument does not accept or defend the conclusion.
D: The first is an intermediate conclusion that has been used to
support a conclusion that the argument defends; the second is
the position that the argument opposes.
the first is not an intermediate conclusion, but a hard core fact. Also, the conclusion it supports is not one the argument defends.
E: The first presents a claim that is disputed in the argument; the
second is a conclusion that has been drawn on the basis of that
claim.
The claim in the first is not disputed: you cannot argue with the fact that there is no objective test for whiplash.
38. GWD30-Q38:[W1]
The ancient Nubians inhabited an area in which typhus occurred, yet surprisingly few of their skeletons show the usual evidence of this disease. The skeletons do show deposits of tetracycline, an antibiotic produced by a bacterium common in Nubian soil. This bacterium can flourish on the dried grain used for making two staples of the Nubian diet, beer and bread. Thus, tetracycline in their food probably explains the low incidence of typhus among ancient Nubians.抓结论!
V1、Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?
The tetracycline deposits did not form after the bodies were buried.
The diseases other than typhus to which the ancient Nubians were exposed would not be affected by tetracycline.
Typhus is generally fatal.
Nubian grain became contaminated with tetracycline-producing bacteria prior to being harvested.
Bread and beer were the only foods eaten by the ancient Nubians which could have contained tetracycline.
V2、
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?
Infectious diseases other than typhus to which the ancient Nubians were exposed are unaffected by tetracycline.
Tetracycline is not rendered ineffective as an antibiotic by exposure to the processes involved in making bread and beer.
Typhus cannot be transmitted by ingesting bread or beer contaminated with the infectious agents of this disease.
Bread and beer were the only items in the diet of the ancient Nubians which could have contained tetracycline.
Typhus is generally fatal
题目的结论是在他们的食物中……
所以，其实两道题的假设都是。他们是食物中还含有的而不是后天形成的。
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