下面简单为大家举例几个GMAT逻辑的例题，大家可以作为新的题目练习，也可以下载GMAT逻辑大全来扩大自己的练习量(但是一定要求质不求量)，量力而行。
1. Below is an excerpt from a letter that was sent by the chairman of a corporation to the stockholders.
A number of charges have been raised against me, some serious, some trivial. Individuals seeking to control the corporation for their own purposes have demanded my resignation. Remember that no court of law in any state has found me guilty of any criminal offense whatsoever. In the American tradition, as you know, an individual is considered innocent until proven guilty. Furthermore, as the corporation’s unbroken six-year record of growth will show, my conduct of my official duties as chairman has only helped enhance the success of the corporation, and so benefited every stockholder.
Which of the following can be properly inferred from the excerpt?
(A) The chairman believes that all those who have demanded his resignation are motivated by desire to control the corporation for their own purposes.
(B) Any misdeeds that the chairman may have committed were motivated by his desire to enhance the success of the corporation.
(C) The chairman is innocent of any criminal offense.
(D) The corporation has expanded steadily over the past six years.(D)
(E) Any legal proceedings against the chairman have resulted in his acquittal.
ANS: D. 原文中说一些人(想控制公司的人)让CEO下台，但是没说所有让他下台的人都是要控制公司的，如有些其他人也想让他下台，但可以被别的原因motivated，则A错
2. In the years since the city of London imposed strict air-pollution regulations on local industry, the number of bird species seen in and around London has increased dramatically. Similar air-pollution rules should be imposed in other major cities.
Each of the following is an assumption made in the argument above EXCEPT:
(A) In most major cities, air-pollution problems are caused almost entirely by local industry.
(B) Air-pollution regulations on industry have a significant impact on the quality of the air.
(C) The air-pollution problems of other major cities are basically similar to those once suffered by London.
(D) An increase in the number of bird species in and around a city is desirable.(A)
(E) The increased sightings of bird species in and around London reflect an actual increase in the number of species in the area.
ANS: A. A中的most entirely太绝对了，而air-pollution problems范围又太广泛了，不一定所有的问题都是local industry引起的。有可能是企业中某一项排放的污染气体是导致鸟类减少的主要原因，但空气污染并不必须是企业全部造成的。E中选项取非，即London鸟类增加不能反映这一地区的实际情况，那么这个regulation的效用就是不那么大的，因此是否要推广到其他城市就不一定了。
8. Current farm policy is institutionalized penalization of consumers. It increases food prices for middle- and low-income families and costs the taxpayer billions of dollars a year.
Which of the following statements, if true, would provide support for the author’s claims above?
I. Farm subsidies amount to roughly $20 billion a year in federal payouts and $12 billion more in higher food prices.
II. According to a study by the Department of Agriculture, each $1 of benefits provided to farmers for ethanol production costs consumers and taxpayers $4.
III. The average full-time farmers have an average net worth of over $300,000.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only(D)
(E) I, II, and III
ANS: D. 条件1中说的federal payouts都是纳税人的钱。
9. Reva: Using extraneous(外部的) incentives to get teenagers to change their attitude toward school and schoolwork won’t work. Take the program in West Virginia, for instance, where they tried to reduce their dropout rate by revoking the driving licenses of kids who left school. The program failed miserably.
Anne: It’s true that the West Virginia program failed, but many schools have devised incentive programs that have been very successful in improving attendance and reducing discipline problems.
According to Anne, the weak point in Reva’s claim is that it
(A) fails to consider the possibility that the majority of potential dropouts in West Virginia do not have driving licenses
(B) doesn’t provide any exact figures for the dropout rate in West Virginia before and during the program
(C) ignores a substantial body of evidence showing that parents and employers have been using extrinsic incentives with positive results for years
(D) assumes that a positive incentive—a prize or a reward—will be no more effective than a negative incentive, like the revoking of a driving license(E)
(E) is based on a single example, the incentive program in West Virginia, which may not be typical
ANS: E. Anne的表述中承认West Virginia的例子是不成功，但是有许多学校有成功的programs，因此WV的例子不具代表性。而D中说positive和negative programs原文中为涉及。
14. As an experienced labor organizer and the former head of one of the nation’s most powerful labor unions, Grayson is an excellent choice to chair the new council on business-labor relations.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion above?
(A) The new council must have the support of the nation’s labor leaders if it is to succeed.
(B) During his years as a labor leader, Grayson established a record of good relations with business leaders.
(C) The chair of the new council must be a person who can communicate directly with the leaders of the nation’s largest labor unions.
(D) Most of the other members of the new council will be representatives of business management interests.(E)
(E) An understanding of the needs and problems of labor is the only qualification necessary for the job of chairing the new council.
ANS: E. 题目中说因为G是有经验的labor organizer并且是labor union的首脑，所以G胜任这个新的工作，推理中有GAP，需要把两个条件联系起来，而E中说唯一的条件就是具有理解labor需要和问题的能力，所以可以填补GAP。
15. In the effort to fire a Civil Service employee, his or her manager may have to spend up to $100,000 of tax money. Since Civil Service employees know how hard it is to fire them, they tend to loaf(懒散的工作). This explains in large part why the government is so inefficient.
It can be properly inferred on the basis of the statements above that the author believes which of the following?
I. Too much job security can have a negative influence on workers.
II. More government workers should be fired.
III. Most government workers are Civil Service employees.
(A) I only
(B) I and III only
(C) II only
(D) I, II, and III(A)
(E) III only
ANS: A. 题目中并没有说Civil Service的员工就是政府员工，有可能是政府的员工也像CS的员工一样有很高的待遇，被fire掉的花费很大，所以他们也变得很懒惰。
16. Some commentators complain that a “litigation(诉讼) explosion” in the past decade has led to unreasonably high costs for U.S. businesses by encouraging more product liability suits(起诉) against manufacturers. However, these complaints are based mainly on myth(荒诞的说法). Statistics show that the number of successful product liability suits has remained almost the same, and the average sum awarded in damages has grown no faster than the inflation rate.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) The number of unsuccessful suits has skyrocketed, imposing huge new legal expenses on businesses.
(B) Several of the largest awards ever made in product liability cases occurred within the last two years.
(C) The rise of the consumer movement has encouraged citizens to seek legal redress for product flaws.
(D) Lawyers often undertake product liability cases on a contingency basis, so their payment is based on the size of the damages awarded.(A)
(E) Juries often award damages in product liability suits out of emotional sympathy for an injured consumer.
ANS: A. 题目中说“litigation explosion”导致不合理的high costs，通过鼓励更多的product liability suits是荒唐的，因为数据显示成功的product liability suits没有改变，而且damages中的平均awarded sum根据inflation rate也没有改变。Weaken则要找原因中不全面的地方，那么题中说的是成功的，what about失败的。B中的several largest awards发生在过去两年里不能表明是否有增长，只是相对于集中在过去两年里了。
GWD TN-4
GWD6-Q4:
In the past the country of Siduria has relied heavily on imported oil. Siduria recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas. Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace. If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, therefore, Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
In Siduria the rate of fuel consumption is rising no more quickly than the rate of fuel production.
Domestic production of natural gas is rising faster than is domestic production of oil in Siduria.
No fuel other than natural gas is expected to be used as a replacement for oil in Siduria.
Buildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas.
All new homes that are being built will have natural-gas-burning heating systems.
ANS: A. A中，如果S的fuel用的比产的快的话，S仍需要进口;C中，说的没有其他的fuel会被用与题目无关，因为原文中未涉及关于其他能源的描述，而且即使有其他替代能源，也很可能在S盛产，则S仍不需要进口。
GWD6-Q32:
Proposal: Carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere block the escape of heat into space. So emission of these “greenhouse” gases contributes to global warming. In order to reduce global warming, emission of greenhouse gases needs to be reduced. Therefore, the methane now emitted from open landfills should instead be burned to produce electricity.
Objection: The burning of methane generates carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere.
Which of the following, if true, most adequately counters the objection made to the proposal?
Every time a human being or other mammal exhales, there is some carbon dioxide released into the air.
The conversion of methane to electricity would occur at a considerable distance from the landfills.
The methane that is used to generate electricity would generally be used as a substitute for a fuel that does not produce any greenhouse gases when burned.
Methane in the atmosphere is more effective in blocking the escape of heat from the Earth than is carbon dioxide.
The amount of methane emitted from the landfills could be reduced if the materials whose decomposition produces methane were not discarded, but recycled.
ANS: D. 文章中说从open landfills中释放的methane应该用做产生电，而反对者说燃烧methane会产生二氧化碳，也导致温室效应。但是D选项中，如果methane气体流出的危害作用比二氧化碳要大，则还是释放二氧化碳比较好。
GWD6-Q40:
It is theoretically possible that bacteria developed on Mars early in its history and that some were carried to Earth by a meteorite. However, strains of bacteria from different planets would probably have substantial differences in protein structure that would persist over time, and no two bacterial strains on Earth are different enough to have arisen on different planets. So, even if bacteria did arrive on Earth from Mars, they must have died out.
The argument is most vulnerable to which of the following criticisms?
It fails to establish whether bacteria actually developed on Mars.
It fails to establish how likely it is that Martian bacteria were transported to Earth.
It fails to consider whether there were means other than meteorites by which Martian bacteria could have been carried to Earth.
It fails to consider whether all bacteria now on Earth could have arisen from transported Martian bacteria.
It fails to consider whether there could have been strains of bacteria that originated on Earth and later died out.
ANS: D. 文章的结论说是bacteria on Earth from Mars已经灭绝了，所以选项要就结论提出削弱。而E中说地球的bacteria灭绝了，并不能完全削弱火星上的有没有灭绝。
GWD TN-5
GWD7-Q5:
Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children. Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years. Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years.
Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances.
Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.
The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston.
Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago.
ANS: C. B中，即使children对chemicals比对其他东西更过敏，也不会削弱文章结论，因为10年前的情况很可能也是相同的，则说明不了现在的数量增加了。而D中，如果现在的学生更多的来医院，则很有可能说明10年前的学生对chemicals过敏的数量也是这么多，只是他们不来医院，所以医院数据不能显示，从而削弱了文章结论。并且文章的结论是现在与10年前相比较，那么答案应该更多地出现现在和10年前的情况。
GWD7-Q14:
Certain politicians in the country of Birangi argue that a 50 percent tax on new automobiles would halt the rapid increase of automobiles on Birangi’s roads and thereby slow the deterioration of Birangi’s air quality. Although most experts agree that such a tax would result in fewer Birangians buying new vehicles and gradually reduce the number of automobiles on Birangi’s roads, they contend that it would have little impact on Birangi’s air-quality problem.
Which of the following, if true in Birangi, would most strongly support the experts’ contention about the effect of the proposed automobile tax on Birangi’s air-quality problem?
Automobile emissions are the largest single source of air pollution.
Some of the proceeds from the new tax would go toward expanding the nonpolluting commuter rail system.
Currently, the sales tax on new automobiles is considerably lower than 50 percent.
Automobiles become less fuel efficient and therefore contribute more to air pollution as they age.
The scrapping of automobiles causes insignificant amounts of air pollution.
ANS: D. E的意思是“报废的汽车不会引起特别大的空气污染”，在某种程度上削弱了experts的观点。Experts的观点是即使新车购买下降而且公路上的汽车数量减少，也不会对空气污染有什么积极的影响。这里的GAP就是污染可能不是由新车产生的，而且减下去的车辆不足以弥补剩下的车所造成的污染。C填补GAP。
Q28: GWD-2-10
Environmentalist: The use of snowmobiles in the vast park north of Milville create sun acceptable levels of air pollution and should be banned.
Milville business spokesperson: Snowmobiling brings many out-of-towners to Milville in winter months, to the great financial benefit of many local residents. So, economics dictate that we put up with the pollution.
Environmentalist: I disagree: A great many cross-country skiers are now kept from visiting Milville by the noise and pollution that snowmobiles generate.
Environmentalist responds to the business spokesperson by doing which of the following?
A. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome can derive from only one set of circumstances
B. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome is outweighed by negative aspects associated with producing that outcome
C. Maintaining that the benefit that the spokesperson desires could be achieved in greater degree by a different means
D. Claiming that the spokesperson is deliberately misrepresenting the environmentalist’s position in order to be better able to attack it
E. Denying that an effect that the spokesperson presents as having benefited a certain group of people actually benefited those people
ANS: E.
GWD7-Q30:
Printwell’s Ink Jet Division manufactures ink-jet printers and the ink cartridges they use. Sales of its ink-jet printers have increased. Monthly revenues from those sales, however, have not increased, because competition has forced Printwell to cut the prices of its printers. Unfortunately, Printwell has been unable to bring down the cost of manufacturing a printer. Thus, despite the increase in printer sales, the Ink Jet Division must be providing the company with much smaller than it used to.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
Ink-jet printers in regular use frequently need new ink cartridges, and Printwell’s printers only accept Printwell’s ink cartridges.
Unlike some competing companies, Printwell sells all of its printers through retailers, and these retailers’ costs account for a sizable proportion of the printers’ ultimate retail price.
Some printer manufacturers have been forced to reduce the sale price of their ink-jet printers even more than Printwell has.
In the past year, no competing manufacturer of ink-jet printers has had as great an increase in unit sales of printers as Printwell has.
In the past year, sales of Printwell’s ink-jet printers have increased more than sales of any other type of printer made by Printwell.
ANS: A. 文章的意思是，虽然打印机的销售量增长了，但是因为每台的价格减少了而且cost又不变，所以利润减小了(甚至有可能变得入不敷出)。所以即使销售额增加了，the Ink Jet Division也必须要缩小规模(以达到减少cost的目的)。逻辑关系是：因为收入没有增加，所以必须减少成本。则答案可以为切断因果，即推出结论的条件不成立，那么只有A才能让收入增加。B中解释了为什么Printwell的成本要比竞争者高，但并没有说下一步的举措(不能随便推理文章或选项未提示的内容)，因此相对错误。
10月JJ：考到那个GWD上面什么生A病的人95%会发热的那道
Asthma(哮喘), a bronchial(支气管) condition, is much less common ailment(小病) than hayfever(花粉热), an allergic inflammation of the nasal(鼻的) passages. Fact: over 95 percent of peoplewho have asthma also suffer from(遭受) hay fever.
If the information given as facts above is true, which of the following must also be true?
A. Hay fever is a prerequisite for the development of asthma
B. Asthma is a prerequisite for the development of hay fever
C. Those who have neither hay fever nor asthma comprise less than 5 percent of the total population
D. The number of people who have both of these ailments is greater than the number of people who have only one of them
E. The percentage of people suffering from hay fever who also have asthma is lower than 95 percent
ANS: E. 假设有哮喘的人是集合A，而有hay fever的人是集合B，根据哮喘比hay fever is less common，得出集合A比集合B小。因为有大于95%有哮喘的人也得了花粉热，所以说集合B包括集合A;那么E中有花粉热的人得哮喘的几率就要小于95%，才能是集合A小于集合B。
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