TPO是托福备考圣经，但是并不是有“圣经”就能完全把握托福考试。还要看大家怎么去利用这份资料。针对原文，我们可以最大限度的剖析再剖析。直到把文章掌握得滚瓜烂熟。而大家又是怎样对待其中的每个考题呢？是做完对对答案，记下答对率；还是认真分析每个考题在考什么，找出托福阅读的“点”在哪？前者居多吧！
所以，关于托福阅读TPO，小编希望最大限度地利用这些ETS提供的阅读题目。在题目中，找到每个题目考察点，给出最全最有逻辑的解析。今天，小编分享给大家的是关于TPO4 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound的题目分析。
阅读题目在这里!!!
Deer Populations of the Puget Sound
普吉特海湾的鹿群
Paragraph 1: Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country；it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
○It is native to lowlands and marshes.
○It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
○It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
○It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
解析：答案是(4)，事实信息题
由the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound定位到The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country；it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.选项(1)和it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands矛盾；选项(2)是对另一种black-tailed deer的描述；选项(3)没有提到，文章是说“was common in the open prairie country”没有和the black-tailed deer对比；选项(4)正确。
考点：细节
Paragraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed；also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
2. It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions
○ cause some deer to hibernate
○ make food unavailable in the highlands for deer
○ make it easier for deer to locate understory plants
○ prevent deer from migrating during the winter
解析：答案是(2)，推断题。
由winter conditions定位到even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed…，“即使地面上有雪，高高的灌木丛下层植被就暴露出来了”，因此可以推断出(2)选项是正确选项。
考点：Even强调
3. The word "inhibits" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ consists of
○ combines
○ restricts
○ establishes
解析：答案是(3)，词汇题。
认识单词不必多讲。
不认识的话，词汇在句子Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.中，译为“在森林怎么样(动作)草和其它草甸植物生长的地方，黑尾鹿可以吃越橘、北美白珠树、山茱萸和其他几乎所有灌木和草。“所以可以知道这些地方没有草和其它草甸植物，只能选(3)。
考点：句子意思。
Paragraph 3: The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."
4. The phrase "in the same breath" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ impatiently
○ humorously
○ continuously
○ immediately
解析：答案是(4)，词汇题。
In the same breath字面意思是同一个呼吸，这个词组的意思是：同时。
5. The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?
○The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.
○Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.
○There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.
○Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.
解析：答案是(1)，修辞目的题
从题干看出问题：举例是为了论证…根据人名定位到段落第三句“Famous explorers of the North American frontier, Lewis and Clark had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk.”意思是：北美边境有名的探险者，Lewis和Clark在落基山西边很难找到捕猎动物并且直到12.2才捕到第一只鹿。这是一个例子，我们往前看发现是例子的引入句，再往前看段落首句“The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country.”意思是：路的数量自从欧洲人进入Puget Sound地区后就发生了显著的波动。这句话才是例子要支持的观点。
考点：举例
6. According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?
○The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.
○Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.
○Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.
○Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.
解析：答案是(3)，事实信息题。
根据时间定位到A recent Dougals biographer states: ‘The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.最近Dougals的传记中写道：曾今在城堡周围漂亮地点缀在牧场上的鹿不见了【1832】，为了保护农作物它们被捕杀殆尽。所以选项(3)正确。
有时间的地方可能有考点。
Paragraph 4: Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."
7. Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?
○To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population decline
○To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environment
○To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlement
○To argue that some deer species must be given a protected status
解析：答案是(1)，修辞目的题。
定位在原文，Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status.
再往前推一句，“No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further.” 毫无疑问，鹿群的数量会不断的减少。作者所提到的信息在这里应该是个例子，而这个例子要证明的观点就是它前面这句话。
考点：举例
8. The phrase “indefinite period” in the passage is closest in meaning to period
○ whose end has not been determined
○ that does not begin when expected
○ that lasts only briefly
○ whose importance remains unknown
解析：答案是(1)，词汇题。
definite adj.明确的，一定的
indefinite adj.无限的，不确定的
接近的是选项(1)
9. Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?
○Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.
○The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.
○The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.
○Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.
解析：答案是(2)，事实信息题。
段落第五句“But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect.”意思是：但是对于黑尾鹿，人类的压力却有相反的作用。前面讲鹿群数量下降，后面讲黑尾鹿的数量上升，所以选项(2)正确。
考点：有对比的地方易出考点。
Paragraph 5: The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.
10.The word “rebound” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ decline
○ recovery
○ exchange
○ movement
解析：答案是(2)，词汇题。
段落第一句The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions.然后First…Second…略过，接下来But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been…看出这两句话的关联，population rebound与restoration of high population numbers是同义，所以选(2)。
考点：句子联系
11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.
○Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.
○Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.
○According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.
解析：答案是(2)，句子简化题
In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
句子的主要逻辑是递进，只有(2)合适。
考点：句子逻辑
12.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?
○A reduction in the number of predators
○Restrictions on hunting
○The effects of logging and fire
○Laws that protected feeding grounds of deer
解析：答案是(4)，否定事实信息题
段落5 提到了3个原因，First, the major predators of deer have been greatly reduced in numbers. 对应选项(1)，Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. 对应选项(2)，But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.对应选项(3).
考点：段落结构。
Paragraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. █Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. █Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed；also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
Paragraph 3: █The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. █The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."
13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
There food is available and accessible throughout the winter.
Where would the sentence best fit?
解析：答案是(2),句子插入题
there是对前面某个地点的指代，那么在四个插入口前寻找指代的地点，发现第二个插入口前“Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall.”意The lowland areas应该就是there所指代的地点。之后的句子“Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed；also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.”就是讲的available food，所以答案应该是第二个插入口。
考点：句间逻辑
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
○ The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.
○ Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas at that time.
○ In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas.
○ Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United States.
○ Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.
○ Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.
解析：答案是(2)(3)(5) ，文章小结题。
题型分析：文章总结题
文章结构分析：
1段：介绍普吉特海湾地区的两种鹿群
2段：白尾鹿的食物
3段：鹿群数量波动
4段：鹿群数量的波动对鹿群的影响：白尾鹿数量继续减少，可是黑尾鹿的数量去增加了
5段：鹿群之所以会出现反弹的情况是因为人类其他活动造成的，但鹿群数量恢复的主要原因在于森林减少。
选项分析：
1.未提及，原文白尾鹿，黑尾鹿，没有提到其他种类的鹿群了。
2.正确：第3段的主要内容
3.正确：第5段的内容
4.未提及
5.正确：第4段的内容
6.错误论述：原文第5段说的是食物的营养丰富
以上就是关于TPO4 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound的阅读题目解析，希望对大家的备考有所帮助。前程百利祝大家都能取得理想的考试成绩。
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