托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。本文带来的是TPO30-1的事实信息题，一起来看看吧。
TPO30-1 Role of Play in Development
Paragraph 1:
Play is easier to define with examples than with concepts. In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance--dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.
1.According to paragraph 1, why is play difficult to define?
O Play must be defined with concepts, not examples.
O Play behavior often looks like nonplay behavior
O Play often occurs in the presence of animals that are not playing
O Play occurs independently of an animal’s intentions
解题：看到第一段One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance -- dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting.说明了同样的behavior会同时发生在play和其他一些非play的情况中。所以B正确。A与原文第一句矛盾。C选项没有提到。D选项与原文第一段最后一句矛盾。
【1】用例证来定义玩耍要比用概念简单得多。在任何情况下，动物间的玩耍都包括跳跃，奔跑，攀登，投掷，格斗和另外的一些动作，而玩耍的对象可能有其它物品或者动物。根据物种的不同，玩耍的目的主要包括社交，锻炼，或探索。定义“玩耍”的难点之一是，玩耍过程中常常包含一些与其它情况下相似的行为，例如统治，捕食，竞争和搏斗。因此，判断其是否玩耍，要根据动物的目的来确认，而常常通过行为本身很难分析其目的。
Paragraph 2:
Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal's adulthood.
2.According to paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge to researchers who study play behavior in animals
A. The delay between activities and the benefits the animal derives from them.
B. The difficulty in determining which animal species play and which do not.
C. The fact that for most animals, there is no clear transition from youth to full adulthood.
D. The lack of research on the play behavior of animals other than canid and primates.
解析：看第二段的最后两句。倒数第二句说动物玩耍的原因仍然在被debating，后面说确定玩耍的作用(function)非常难，那也就对应了原题的challenge。Because后面出现了原因，说这些function是长期的，其beneficial要到动物成年才出现。所以跟A选项吻痕。B、C选项原文没提到。D选项也和问题无关。
【2】玩耍似乎是那些有着相对复杂的神经系统的动物，主要是鸟类和哺乳动物，的一个发育，发展的特征。玩耍的大量研究主要在灵长类和犬类中进行。动物到底为什么要玩耍仍然在文献中存在争议，并且每种物种玩耍的原因也不尽相同。确定玩耍的功能很难，因为它的功能是长期的，伴随着一些直到动物成年才会显现出来的有利影响。
Paragraph 4:
The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an "enriched" environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an "impoverished" environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.
6.Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about an animal’s brain.
O The heavier the brain, the richer the environment in which the animal was raised.
O The younger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.
O The larger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.
O The larger the animal’s cerebellum, the larger will be the animal’s nerve cells.
解析：原文中从other studies 开始有描述了另外的观点。说greater stimulation不仅会影响大脑的大小，也会增加神经细胞间的连接的数量，而这个stimulation是由active play提供的。根据上文，环境越复杂，active play就越多，因此stimulation就越多，导致动物的大脑更大，也就更重。所以A选项符合这个观点。BCD都没提到。
【4】根据达尔文理论，玩耍的好处一定超过其损失，不然玩耍就不会得以进化。其中一些潜在的好处就是直接关于动物的大脑和神经系统的健康发展。在一项研究中，两组小鼠被养在不同的环境中。第一组成长在一个比较“富裕”的环境中，这样的环境使其可以与其他老鼠接触，和玩具玩儿，并且接受迷宫训练。另一组生活在“穷困”的环境中，它们被养在独立笼子里，只有微弱的光照和极少的刺激。最后，结果表明生活在单一环境中的老鼠的大脑重量要比生活在复杂情况下的老鼠的大脑轻(即使它们被喂养的食物一样的)。另外一些研究表明，较大的刺激不仅会影响大脑的大小，而且也会增加神经细胞间连接的数量。因此，活跃的玩耍可以为大脑中的突触连接提供必要的刺激，特别是负责运动机能的小脑。
Paragraph 5:
Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide the opportunities to practice those movements needed for survival. Prey species, like young deer or goats, for example, typically play by performing sudden flight movements and turns, whereas predator species, such as cats, practice stalking, pouncing, and biting.
7.According to paragraph 5, why might play behavior of prey species be different from those of predator species?
O Unlike predator species, prey species use play to prevent inappropriate social behaviors, such as biting.
O Some prey species are physically incapable of certain types of predator movements.
O The survival of each species type is linked to particular sets of muscular movements.
O Predator species have more opportunities to practice play behaviors than prey species.
解析：这道题的关键词在于needed for survival。因为prey species和predator species对于survival的要求不同，所以导致他们play behavior也不同。所以选C。 A，B，D原文都没提到。
【5】玩耍也会刺激肌肉组织的生长，并能提供练习生存技能的机会。被捕食者，比如小鹿或者山羊，其典型的玩耍动作就是突然快速跳跃和转弯，相反捕食者，比如猫科动物，则练习潜行追踪，猛扑和撕咬。
Paragraph 7:
There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression.■This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. ■Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. ■Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play." ■
12. According to paragraph 7, how do some animals ensure that other animals understand that they are just playing?
A.By playing only with animals who are not predator.
B.By avoiding any aspects of the play behavior that are dangerous.
C.By practicing non-aggressive and non-predatory behaviors.
D.By using a set of signals that occurs only in play.
解题：这一段前半部分一直在描述说有动物之间会误以为是真的aggression，中间出现了thus证明后面会说解决的方法。这里说解决方法是用clear signals 去表达playfulness。所以答案是D
【7】当然玩耍也有危险。玩耍可能会被别的动物误会，或者不被当做玩耍而潜在地造成攻击。这个情况尤其在扮演练习正常的侵略性或捕食行为过程中。因此，许多物种都有其明确的表明玩耍的信号。比如狗，它们用会摇尾巴，前腿趴下，撅着屁股来表示“以下行为都是逗你玩儿的!”
以上就是托福阅读TPO30-1中的事实信息题及其解析，大家可以在备考的时候参考复习，希望能够帮助大家的考前准备。最后前程百利祝大家都能取得理想的托福考试成绩。
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