托福阅读笔记。说到托福阅读备考，TPO是必不可少的备考神器，通过TPO练习来更好的适应阅读考试的节奏。本文小编带来的是TPO17 Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia的学习笔记，希望能够与正在备考的大家一起进步。
TPO17 Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia
文章题材：社会学科——欧亚地区早期的海洋贸易
常见词汇：
norm [nɔ:m] n. 标准，规范
except [ik'sept] vt. 除，除外
rough [rʌf] adj. 粗糙的，粗略的，粗暴的，艰难的，讨厌的，不适的
opportunity [.ɔpə'tju:niti] n. 机会，时机
compass ['kʌmpəs] n. 指南针，圆规vt. 图谋，包围，达成
essential [i'senʃəl] n. 要素，要点adj. 必要的，重要的，本
vast [vɑ:st] adj. 巨大的，广阔的
variety [və'raiəti] n. 多样，种类，杂耍
improvement [im'pru:vmənt] n. 改进，改善
commerce ['kɔmə:s] n. 商业，贸易
易错题解析：
Paragraph 2: The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create .Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China.
6. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that spices from Asia were desirable in Europe in the Middle Ages because they
○were easily transported in large quantities
○could not be produced in European countries
○could be traded for products such as perfumes and medicines
○were expected to increase in value over time
题型：推论题。答案是(B)
解析：题干关键词为spices，回归段落定位至最后两句Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China.，这几句话可翻译为：香料开始变成最为普遍的日用品。因为香料显著提高了欧洲菜肴的口感同时也被应用于香水的制造和一些药品之中。但是即使是像香料这样的高价日用品也不得不大量的运输以平衡绕过非洲从中国和印度所花费的巨大的成本和麻烦。既然要从中国和印度运往欧洲，所以可以判断出来欧洲本地是不产的，所以答案是B。
易错选项：(D)。
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Because land routes to Asia had been cut off in the fourteenth century. Europeans had to find a new way to trade with Asia.
Answer Choices
A. Reports by travelers indicated that people in Asia were interested in renewing trade with Europeans.
B. For trade in Asian goods such as spices to be profitable, these items needed to be transported in large quantities by sea.
C. European galleys were able to bring Asian goods across Indian Ocean and around the African coastline.
D. Wind-driven caravels were developed to carry cargo across the oceans.
E. The development of maps, navigational instruments, and a maritime code of conduct provided crucial elements for long-distance navigation.
F. Europeans wanted to import spices from Asia in order to improve the taste of food and to make perfumes and medicines.
题型：文章总结题。答案是(B) (D) (E)
解析：B是原文第二自然段所要强调意思的总结，是欧洲要同亚洲进行海上贸易所面临的一个问题之一。D是原文第三自然段主要意思的总结。第三段讲了两种船。Galley和caravels，但主要讲述的是后者，galley是进行海上贸易之前的一种船， galley有缺陷，不适合与亚洲进行海上贸易使用，所以人们才研制出了caravels。所以本段重点在说caravels对海上贸易的重要性。E是对原文第四段意思的总结。
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