托福阅读修辞目的题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的修辞目的题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。本文带来的是TPO14-3的修辞目的题，一起来看看吧。
TPO14-3 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia
Paragraph 2:
The mobility of pastoralist societies reflects their dependence on animal-based foods. While agriculturalists rely on domesticated plants, pastoralists rely on domesticated animals. As a result, pastoraksts, like carnivores in general, occupy a higher position on the food chain. All else being equal, this means they must exploit larger areas of land than do agriculturalists to secure the same amount of food, clothing, and other necessities. So pastoralism is a more extensive lifeway than farming is. However, the larger the terrain used to support a group, the harder it is to exploit that terrain while remaining in one place. So, basic ecological principles imply a strong tendency within pastoralist lifeways toward nomadism (a mobile lifestyle). As the archaeologist Roger Cribb puts it, 'The greater the degree of pastoralism, the stronger the tendency toward nomadism.' A modern Turkic nomad interviewed by Cribb commented: "The more animals you have, the farther you have to move.
4. In paragraph 2, why does the author contrast pastoralists with agriculturalists?
○ To explain why pastoralism requires more land than agriculturalism to support basic needs
○ To identify some advantages that mobile societies have over immobile societies
○ To demonstrate that ecological principles that apply to pastoralism do not apply to agriculturalism
○ To argue that agriculturalism eventually developed out of pastoralism
解析：首先找到对比，本段前两句分别说了游牧民族和定居民族的特点，一是依靠动物及其食物，一是驯养动物。紧接着说了这种对比的结果，也就是作者做这个对比的目的。游牧民族就像食肉动物一样，在食物链中占据了较高的等级，所以需要更多地盘。所以对比的目的就是解释为什么游牧民族需要占领更多地方，答案是A。此题特殊，修辞目的在修辞点所在句子后面，需要多加注意
[2]畜牧社会的流动性反映出他们非常依赖以动物为基础的食物。如果说农业依靠人工种植作物，那么畜牧业就依赖于饲养动物。因此，牧民和食肉动物一样，在食物链中处于一个更高的位置。其他方面相同的情况下，这就意味着如果他们要保证与农业相同的食物、衣物以及其他生活必需品，他们就必须开拓出比农业更大的区域。因此，畜牧业是一种比农业更宽泛的生活方式。但是，支撑一个群体的土地越大，在原有土地基础上继续开发的困难也就越大。所以，基本的生态学原理意味着畜牧主义生活方式向游牧主义生活方式转变的强大趋势。正如考古学家Roger Cribb 指出的，“畜牧化的程度越高，向游牧化转变的趋势就越明显。”。与Cribb交谈过的一位现代土耳其游牧民说：“拥有的牲畜越多，你就得移动的更远。”
Paragraph3:
Nomadism has further consequences. It means that pastoralist societies occupy and can influence very large territories. This is particularly true of the horse pastoralism that emerged in the Inner Eurasian steppes, for this was the most mobile of all major forms of pastoralism So, it is no accident that with the appearance of pastoralist societies there appear large areas that share similar cultural, ecological, and even linguistic features. By the late fourth millennium B.C., there is already evidence of large culture zones reaching from Eastem Europe to the western borders of Mongolia. Perhaps the most striking sign of mobility is the fact that by the third millennium B.C., most pastoralists in this huge region spoke related languages ancestral to the modem Indo-European languages. The remarkable mobility and range of pastoral societies explain, in part, why so many linguists have argued that the Indo-European languages began their astonishing expansionist career not among farmers in Anatolia (present-day Turkey), but among early pastoralists from Inner Eurasia. Such theories imply that the Indo-European languages evolved not in Neolithic (10,000 to 3,000 B.C.) Anatolia, but among the foraging communities of the cultures in the region of the Don and Dnieper rivers, which took up stock breeding and began to exploit the neighboring steppes.
6 In paragraph 3, why does the author discuss languages spoken in the region spanning from Eastern Europe to the westem borders of Mongolia?
○ To emphasize the frequency with which Indo-European languages changed as a result of the mobile nature of pastoralism
○ To indicate one method linguists use to determine that inhabitants of the Don and Dnieper river area had taken up stock breeding
○ provide evidence that Indo-European languages have their roots in what is now Turkey
○ To provide evidence that pastorahst societies can exercise cultural influence over a large area
解析：首先以Eastern Europe和Mongolia做关键词定位至第四句，原句单纯讲述了一个例子，所以往前看，前句说由于游牧民族的存在，出现了很大一块地域范围内共享相似的生态上的，文化上的甚至语言上的特点。紧接着就说了语言上的一个例子，所以语言的这个例子是为了证明前文的，答案是D
[3] 游牧生活有着更深远的影响。它意味着畜牧社会占据并且影响着大片地区。特别是在欧洲内陆的西伯利亚大草原上，以马为畜牧对象的出现更具重大意义，因为它在所有畜牧业中移动性最强。因此，畜牧社会在较大地域中分享类似的文化、生态甚至语言特点并非偶然现象。在公元前 4 000年后期，已经有证据显示存在着一个从东欧延伸到蒙古边境的大文化圈。可能在移动性方面最具说服力的标志是，公元前3 000年在这片广袤的土地上大部分牧民讲的相关语言，现代印欧语系就从中发展而来。这种显著的移动性和畜牧社会的地理范围在某种程度上解释了很多语言学家一直争论的一个问题：为什么印欧语系并非从并安纳托利亚 (现在的土耳其)的农民中传播开来的，而是产生于早期欧洲内陆的牧民。这些理论说明印欧语系不是从新石器时代(公元前一万年到公元前三千年之间)的安纳托利亚发展而来，而是在顿河 和第聂伯河 流域内从事家畜饲养、开发毗邻的西伯利亚大草原的畜牧群体中发展而来。
以上就是托福阅读TPO14-3中的修辞目的题及其解析，大家可以在备考的时候参考复习，希望能够帮助大家的考前准备。最后前程百利祝大家都能取得理想的托福考试成绩。
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