托福综合写作是托福写作部分比较容易的部分，托福综合写作是基于托福阅读和听力的内容，总结两部分的内容进行写作。托福阅读和听力部分的观点在绝大部分的情况下是矛盾的，所以大家也可以通过阅读部分的内容，推断听力部分的主要内容和观点。今天，前程百利小编和大家分享的是托福写作真经4test14综合写作的内容。
第一部分：阅读文本
From roughly 3000 B.C. to 1500 B.C., one of the world’s greatest early civilizations existed. Located in the Indus River Valley found in modern-day Pakistan and India, it was known as the Harappan Civilization. Harappan society was primarily urban, and its cities were even laid out on grids. The people there also used agricultural techniques advanced for the time, had a form of writing called Indus script, and engaged in widespread regional trade. Yet sometime around 1500 B.C., the Harappan Civilization came to a sudden end.
One of the most widely accepted theories for its downfall is that the Harappans were overcome by outside invaders. Many scholars believe that the Aryans, an Indo-European tribe from Central Asia, were responsible for conquering the Harappans. Some evidence exists showing that battles were fought in the region around 1500 B.C., and it is also known that the Aryans began moving into the Harappans' territory during that time period, so this theory is a distinct possibility.
Other scholars claim that the Harappan Civilization fell due to natural means. According to them, the Indus River Valley underwent a severe change in climate around 1500 B.C. What was one lush land that supported an extensive farming community was transformed into dry desert from a lack of rainfall. Accordingly, famine struck the region, and those individuals who did not die of starvation migrated to other lands that were able to support them.
A third theory is that various diseases rampaged through Harappan society and caused its collapse. Some posit that cholera, an infectious viral disease, was the culprit. Cholera often spreads through water. Since the Harappan people used the same water sources, it is possible that a cholera epidemic could have devastated the population. With so many dead and dying, the civilization simply vanished from history.
阅读要点：
观点：Yet sometime around 1500 B.C., the Harappan Civilization came to a sudden end.
然而，大约在公元前1500年，哈拉帕文明突然消失。
论点1：One of the most widely accepted theories for its downfall is that the Harappans were overcome by outside invaders.
其中大家都接受的原因之一是外界的侵略。
论点2：Other scholars claim that the Harappan Civilization fell due to natural means.
其他一些学者认为哈拉帕文明消失的原因是自然因素。
论点3：A third theory is that various diseases rampaged through Harappan society and caused its collapse.
第三个关于哈拉帕文明没落的原因是由于疾病的爆发。
第二部分：听力文本
M Professor: One of the problems with studying archaeology is that it's virtually impossible to know precisely what happened in the past. Let’s take the downfall of the Harappan Civilization as an example. They had a brilliant culture, right? But they just, well, seemed to disappear around 1500 B.C. There are three primary theories about their disappearance, but all have holes in them.
The first theory involves war. Some believe the Harappan Civilization was overwhelmed by invading Aryans. It’s possible, sure. But this isn’t just one place we're talking about. The Harappans had major cities, including Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. There were more than 100 other towns and cities in that region and hundreds of minor settlements. Yet almost no evidence supporting the invasion theory exists. Harappan society wouldn’t have easily collapsed. At least some of the settlements would have fought, but there’s no archaeological proof of any battles being fought.
The climate-change theory is popular as well. But keep in mind that Egypt and Mesopotamia were two contemporary societies of the Harappans. Both experienced changing climates. Egypt became more desert-like while Mesopotamia endured a tremendous flood. Still, the Egyptians thrived while the flood actually helped Mesopotamian agriculture. So I'm positive the Harappans also would have been able to survive any changes in their climate.
Some have speculated that a cholera epidemic wiped out the Harappans. I sincerely doubt it. You see, cholera spreads through dirty water. But remember what I told you about the Harappan cities ... ? That's right. They had a water system which guaranteed them access to clean water. Their cities even had sewer systems designed to keep waste material that carried diseases out of their drinking water. I just don’t see how an epidemic caused by cholera could have caused the downfall of an entire civilization.
听力笔记符号：
听力要点：
观点：There are three primary theories about their disappearance, but all have holes in them.虽然关于哈拉帕文明没落有三个主要原因，但是这三个原因都有漏洞。
论点1：At least some of the settlements would have fought, but there’s no archaeological proof of any battles being fought.
如果是战争的原因，至少当地居民会反抗，但是，考古学家没有发现任何战争的痕迹。
论点2：I'm positive the Harappans also would have been able to survive any changes in their climate.
因为之前同样受过天气灾害的两个国家，都有积极的影响。所以，作者肯定哈拉帕也会在恶劣的天气之后，越发繁荣。
论点3：Cholera spreads through dirty water. They had a water system which guaranteed them access to clean water. Their cities even had sewer systems designed to keep waste material that carried diseases out of their drinking water.
霍乱是通过水传播疾病的，但是哈拉帕有完善的水源系统，可以保证人们得到的是干净的水。并且下水道系统可以将带有疾病的废水从饮用水中排除。
第三部分：范文解析
①The lecturer argues that the assumptions on the demise of the Harappans are groundless. ②This contradicts the reading passage’s claim that there are possible theories which could explain the sudden disappearance of the civilization.
First, there is no evidence showing any relationship to an invasion. In major cities, including Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, no proof of the Aryans’ encroachment has been found. ③This casts serious doubts on the reading passage’s claim that an invasion by outsiders could have caused the collapse of the Harappan civilization.
Next, ④the lecturer contends that other contemporary civilizations went through climate changes without being destroyed. While Egypt thrived despite its aridity, Mesopotamia was actually aided by flooding. Resultantly, the Harappans would have been able to sustain themselves even if there had been a dramatic change in climate. ⑤This fact contradicts the reading passage's claim that extreme climate change in the Indus River Valley resulted in the demise of the Harappans.
Finally, ⑥the lecturer asserts that cholera could not have been the culprit. The Harappans had a sewer system as well as a water system that could provide their people with clean water. ⑦This goes against the idea presented in the reading passage that the downfall of the Harappans could be attributed to numerous diseases, including cholera, caused by shared water sources.
闪光词汇
核心词汇音标词性释义近义词例句
encroachment[ɪn'krotʃmənt]n.· 侵入，侵犯;侵蚀
demise[dɪ'maɪz]n.· 死亡，终止;转让;传位
culprit['kʌlprɪt]n.· 犯人，罪犯;被控犯罪的人
范文中可以提取出来作为模板的句子：
①The lecturer argues that……
②This contradicts the reading passage’s claim that……
③This casts serious doubts on the reading passage’s claim that……
④the lecturer contends that……
⑤This fact contradicts the reading passage's claim that……
⑥the lecturer asserts that……
⑦This goes against the idea presented in the reading passage that……
以上小编从阅读和听力文本的要点进行分析，大家也可以看出两者之间的关系。大家要在做题的过程中总结规律，更好的备考。此外，小编为大家整理的托福综合写作的模板，可以使用在大家的托福考试中。
您还可能关注：
