百利天下2016-06-03更新GMAT阅读机经
43.两种定价方法
本月原始
V1另一篇:讲了两种展示售价的方法,top-down 和bottom-up,文章结构很清晰,就是一段介绍TD一段介绍BU,每段中用了两种相同的评估理论(其中一个是rule of thumb,但是用一个很奇怪的单词表示的,不过括号内解释是就是rule of thumb,即经验法则)去evaluate这两种方法。作者支持TD,态度明确。
【考古版】
【v1】第一篇销售的策略。分为两种,一种top-down,适用于rule of thumb。一种是down up to top。分别介绍了各自的特点。遇到这篇文章各位就开心了,文章和题都非常简单。
【v2】top-down approach 和down-top approach的比较。top-down approach is effective,并且可以用一种理论(⋯⋯and anchoring)解释,salespeople向消费者最先介绍list上面最贵的产品,然后按价格依次往下介绍,同时点出每种产品降价的同时sacrifices是什么。这种以最贵品质也最好的产品作为起点的叙述方式让消费者容易更青睐最贵的产品。反之down-top is not effective,因为salespeople是拿最便宜的产品开始说,消费者就会记住第一个作为标准。问题不难,楼主记不起来了。。
【v3】推销的那个文章,就是from top to down 和down to top 的比较,文章同意那个从高价说起的那个
问题:销售策略:下列哪一项是存在于top-down tactic而不存在于bottom-up 的策略中:选focus on sacrifice 那个
44.北美和欧洲的物种迁移
本月原始
V1因为北美和欧洲之间有trade, 两地的物种随之被带到新的国家。从北美迁徙到欧洲的、能成功繁衍生存下来的vertebrate(还是昆虫不记得了,假设是昆虫好了) species的数量(很多不同species),远远小于从欧洲迁徙到北美的、随后生存下来的昆虫species数量. 这是为啥呢?是因为,首先,很多昆虫都是以树为habitat的,美国的树木,不管是abundance (此处有出题)还是种类上,都超过北美的树木。 其次,迁徙到美国的这些(欧洲)昆虫都是parent xxx (这个词不记得), 这个feature使得这些昆虫能够很快繁殖and expand. 第三个原因我有点短路 待我再想想。。。
除了tree abundance, 还有一题是问主旨的.
【考古版】
V1:
第三篇讲的是北美和欧洲的树的生长问题,说很多年前欧罗巴的兄弟们来美洲大陆玩,然后欧洲的树就跟过来在美洲生长发芽了,结果长的比欧洲还好,甚至有的树1000年前在欧洲就灭绝了,在北美移民的兄弟树依然长得很旺盛还变异了很多种类,然后分析了为什么移民树长得比本土树还给力,主要因为这个树适应性强,而且单体繁殖(这里有考题问为啥这么能繁殖)数量又快又多,温度水分什么的都很舒服,所以就特别好
古中古
V1:
欧洲和美洲直接的联系,人和动物的迁徙,提到了一种物种;
第二段探讨物种的生活条件,结论美洲更胜一筹,加上这个物种是单亲繁殖,所以预测会取得竞争上的优势;
问题有主旨(有一个假设探讨,我觉得文章语气中很多could,may,就选了这个);
还有为什么讲单亲繁殖;
V2:
第一段说欧洲和北美的exchange频繁,按理说动植物进入彼此的规模应该equivalent,但事实是从欧洲去北美的物种比从北美的去,改写one-parent propagate)。后面还有blablabla,记不清了,应该没考题。
Q1)文中强调one-parent propagate 是为了啥? 答案:为了说明欧洲insect数量增长的迅速(答案中有populatioin)。有几个答案很类似,容易混淆。
V3
为欧洲和美国的树生长状态不同,以至于欧洲的INSECT在欧洲和美国生长情况也不相同。
第二段补充:美国树木种类较欧洲多很多。而且生长环境较欧洲相比很宽松,同样的面积上美国树要比欧洲多很多。欧洲的虫子适应能力强,表现为在很小的地理范围能能够GENERATE下来。有一道题根据此处出题。
V4
第一段说欧洲和北美的交流一直比较频繁,包括人,动植物。但是有一个现象,就是欧洲的虫到北美发展的比较好,但是反之则不是。
第二段解释原因,一了2个原因,1说北美的树比欧洲的多,欧洲很多种类的树在10000年前就灭绝了。2说欧洲的虫比北美的有适应能力,具体表现在能够单性繁殖。
请问北美的树的那篇阅读是这个吗~
V5
第四篇有关于昆虫的。
忘了几段了,大概就是北美和欧洲的贸易往来使得昆虫随着贸易的货物分别从北美迁徙到了欧洲,反过来也是,然后就分析了从北美迁徙到欧洲的昆虫和从欧洲到北美的昆虫之间的不同点,(中间我跳过好多)说从欧洲迁徙到北美的昆虫繁衍的更加旺盛,因为两个因素:1. 从欧洲迁徙到北美以后,北美的环境有更多的植物,更多的xxx等等,所以昆虫的生活空间增大2. 欧洲的昆虫在欧洲面临很激烈的竞争,所以他们都发展出了一种“one parent(忘了是One还是a)”的繁殖模式,这种模式使得他们的数量可以很快的攀升
基本就是以上了。
V6:
第三篇考了那个北美和欧洲的动植物那个,考了一道题是为什么北欧的动物在北美繁殖快?选项有个propogation by only one-parent,还有个选项说的是可以one time繁殖很多,我选了前者
V7
第一段讲欧洲的物种更适应新环境,繁衍的更好。(这一段有考题但我记不清了,反正如果有个选项B有提到number的是错的……)
第 二段解释了原因,以insect为例。第一个原因是北美的树木种类多,很多树在欧洲却已经灭绝了,也就是想说北美的自然环境更适合生物繁衍吧。第二个原因 是欧洲的insect更有适应力和竞争力,能够one-parent propagate,这种能力使得一种生物能在短期内迅速扩大规模(此处有考题,问什么使生物迅速增长
45. Job embededeness
本月原始
有一篇阅读没在jj看到过 讲的是job embededeness
p1 讲大部分现在的研究都说影响employee离职的因素是对工资 和工作的满意度什么的 但是现在出现了一个新概念来解释 就是JOB embeddedness 楼主理解就是对工作嵌入感的意思。 然后讲了3个相关的方面 影响这个归属感 大概有1 和公司的其他员工的关系好坏 2 所处环境和自己的生活环境是否fit 3 这种关系容不容易被打破
p2 又说 有工作嵌入感不一定是好事 接下来就举了一些例子阐述了一下
题目记不太清楚了 有一个问 提倡job embeddedness的人对现在大部分的研究(指的是工资工作满意度影响离职)是什么态度 选项有 Obsolete / incomplete/。。。
还有哪一个符合归属感的标准 就是根据第一段3个方面去判断一下 选项忘记了。。。。
【考古版】
V1
关于job的一个文章是这样的
有两个因素(job satisfaction和另一个)可以预测雇员对工作的intent。然后有人提出一个新理论---job embeddedness是一个key factor。接着具体解释了一下,三种情况。
下一段又说这个新理论也可能造成雇员leave,有两个方面。
有一题是高亮了第一段的有人提出那个地方,问对于旧理论是什么看法。几个选项,A correct but。。。
B incorrect but。。。 C incomplete。。。 D obsolete。。。E记不住啦
Background information
According to Mitchell et al. (2001), job embeddedness represents a broad cluster of ideas that influence an employee's choice to remain in a job, operating like a net or a web in which an individual becomes enmeshed. A person who is highly embedded has many connections within a perceptual life space (Lewin, 1951). Moreover, a person can become enmeshed or embedded in a variety of ways (both on and off the job). The critical aspects of job embeddedness are the extent to which the job is similar to or fits with the other aspects in their life space, the extent to which the person has links to other people or activities, and the ease with which links can be broken--what they would give up if they left. These dimensions are called fit, links and sacrifice. Less concerned with the influence of any one specific connection, job embeddedness focuses on the overall level of connectedness (Mitchell et al., 2001).
According to the theory of job embeddedness (Mitchell, Holtom and Lee, 2001), an employee's personal values, career goals and plans for the future must fit with the larger corporate culture and the demands of his or her immediate job (e.g., job knowledge, skills and abilities). In addition, a person will consider how well he or she fits the community and surrounding environment. Job embeddedness assumes that the better the fit, the higher the likelihood that an employee will feel professionally and personally tied to the organization.
Job embeddedness theory suggests that a number of threads link an employee and his or her family in a social, psychological, and financial web that includes work and non-work friends, groups, the community, and the physical environment where they are located. The greater the number of links between the person and the web, the more likely an employee will stay in a job (Mitchell et al., 2001).
The concept of sacrifice represents the perceived cost of material or psychological benefits that are forfeited by organizational departure. For example, leaving an organization may induce personal losses (e.g., losing contact with friends, personally relevant projects, or perks). The more an employee will have to give up when leaving, the more difficult it will be to sever employment with the organization (Shaw et al., 1998). Examples include non-portable benefits, like stock options or defined benefit pensions, as well as potential sacrifices incurred through leaving an organization like job stability and opportunities for advancement (Shaw et al., 1998). Similarly, leaving a community where they are highly involved in local organizations can be difficult for employees.
One key area where job embeddedness complements traditional approaches to voluntary turnover is community attachment. The model explicitly considers the impact of both organizational and community influences on the three job embeddedness dimensions. Put differently, each of the three dimensions--fit, links and sacrifice--has organizational and community components, which are summarized in Table 2. In two reported tests, Mitchell, Lee and colleagues (Mitchell et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2004) have demonstrated that job embeddedness predicts variance in voluntary turnover over and above job satisfaction.
To date, job embeddedness has been tested in the hospital, grocery and banking industries. To extend the generalizability of the model, we propose to test it across multiple, diverse industries. Thus, the following hypotheses replicate Mitchell et al.'s findings:
Hypothesis 1: Job embeddedness is negatively correlated with voluntary turnover.
Hypothesis 2: Job embeddedness improves the prediction of voluntary turnover above and beyond that accounted for by job satisfaction.
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以上就是百利天下出国考试向大家介绍的2016-06-03更新GMAT阅读机经,正在准备GMAT阅读的学生可以一起来看看上面的介绍,希望能给大家的GMAT备考带来帮助。
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