The Assumption-Based Family和The Structure-Based Family有明显的区别，通过小编从manhattan逻辑笔记中摘抄的英文原句就能够看出来。
The Assumption-Based Family
|
Question Type |
Sample Question Phrasing |
Goal |
|
Inference |
Which of the following can be logically concluded from the passage above? |
Identify something that must be true based upon the given information. |
|
Explain a Discrepancy |
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the surprising finding? |
Identify something that eliminates some discrepancy or paradox given in the argument. |
Takeaways for Find the Assumption Questions
Most of the time, an FA question stem will contain some form of the word “assumption”. Occasionally, the question may ask for a new premise that is “required” to draw the conclusion or will help the conclusion to be “more properly drawn”.
Our goal is to find the core (conclusion plus major premises) and brainstorm assumptions while laying out the core.
Correct answers will represent something that the author must believe to be true in order to draw his or her conclusion.
If we get stuck between two answers, we can try the Negation technique: negate each answer and see whether doing so weakens the conclusion; the one that weakens the conclusion is the right answer.
Trap answer types include:
Out of scope: goes beyond the scope of the argument, doesn’t address or affect the conclusion
Reverse Logic: does the opposite of what we want (on FA questions, a reverse logic trap would make the conclusion weaker, not stronger)
Irrelevant Distinction or Comparison: makes a distinction or comparison that doesn’t matter between two groups
Takeaways for Evaluate Questions.
As always, we use the question stem to identify the question type. On evaluate questions, the question stem will likely contain some form of the word “evaluate”, “determine”, or “useful (or important to know)”.
Our goal is to find a “two-path” answer: an answer that can be interpreted in two ways, one of which will strengthen the conclusion and the other of which will weaken the conclusion.
Trap answers will try to get us to make additional assumptions—these answers are actually out of scope—or to make an irrelevant distinction comparison between two thing s that are not the focus of the argument’s conclusion.
Takeaways for Flaw Questions
We recognize Flaw Questions by use of the word “flaw” and the absence of any “if true” language. On occasion, the word “flaw” may be replaced by a synonym, such as “vulnerable to criticism”.
On Flaw Questions, we want to find the conclusion and quickly brainstorm any assumptions we can. The correct answer will be tied to an assumption, but it will be worded to highlight the flaw in assuming something to be true; it will hurt the argument.
The most common trap answers typically involve making some kind of irrelevant distinction or comparison. The answer might address something in a premise that doesn’t affect the conclusion, or it may go down a different path entirely when we were asked to comment on a specific plan.
Takeaways for Strengthen Questions
The question stem will contain “if true” or a close synonym, as well as some form of the word “strengthen” or “support” (or a synonym). We will write down S to indicate that we have a Strengthen question.
On Strengthen questions, our goal is to find a new piece of information that makes the conclusion at least somewhat more likely to be valid.
The most common trap answers include the Reverse Logic trap (weakening the conclusion rather than strengthening it) and the No Tie trap (doesn’t affect the specific conclusion).
Takeaways for Strengthen Questions
The question stem will contain “if true” or a close synonym, as well as some form of the words “weaken”, “doubt”, “undermine”, or a synonym. We will write down “W” to indicate that we have a Weaken question.
On Weaken questions, our goal is to attack the conclusion. The correct answer will be a new piece of information that makes the conclusion at least somewhat less likely to be valid.
The most common trap answers include the Reverse Logic trap (strengthening the conclusion rather than weakening it) and the No Tie trap (doesn’t affect the specific conclusion).
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