Manhattan是考生在备考GMAT考试时必备的备考资料之一，在Manhattan阅读中对GMAT阅读考试的介绍非常详细实用，下面小编就为大家带来Manhattan阅读中文笔记-Chapter7(七)希望对大家的阅读备考有帮助。
Passage G; Chaos Theory
Around 1960, mathematician Edward Lorenz found unexpected behavior in apparently simple equations representing atmospheric air flows. Whenever he reran his model with the same inputs, different outputs resulted—although the model lacked any random elements. Lorenz realized that tiny rounding errors in his analog computer mushroomed over time, leading to erratic results. His findings marked a seminal moment in the development of chaos theory, which, despite its name, has little to do with randomness.
To understand how unpredictability can arise from deterministic equations, which do not involve chance outcomes, consider the non-chaotic system of two poppy seeds placed in a
round bowl. As the seeds roll to the bowl's center, a position known as a point attractor, the distance between the seeds shrinks. If, instead, the bowl is flipped over, two seeds placed on top will roll away from each other. Such a system, while still not technically chaotic, enlarges initial differences in position.
Chaotic systems, such as a machine mixing bread dough, are characterized by both attraction and repulsion. As the dough is stretched, folded and pressed back together, any poppy seeds sprinkled in are intermixed seemingly at random. But this randomness is illusory. In fact, the poppy seeds are captured by "strange attractors," staggeringly complex pathways whose tangles appear accidental but are in fact determined by the system's fundamental equations.
During the dough-kneading process, two poppy seeds positioned next to each other eventually go their separate ways. Any early divergence or measurement error is repeatedly amplified by the mixing until the position of any seed becomes effectively unpredictable. It is this "sensitive dependence on initial conditions" and not true randomness that generates unpredictability in chaotic systems, of which one example may be the Earth's weather. According to the popular interpretation of the "Butterfly Effect," a butterfly flapping its wings causes hurricanes. A better understanding is that the butterfly causes uncertainty about the precise state of the air. This microscopic uncertainty grows until it encompasses even hurricanes. Few meteorologists believe that we will ever be able to predict rain or shine for a particular day years in the future.
生疏单词：
equations：方程式，等式
rounding：绕行，使…变圆，使…成整数
mushroomed：辐射环式的，使…迅速成长
erratic：不稳定的，奇怪的
seminal：种子的，生殖的
poppy：罂粟花，深红色
flip：谈，掷，蹦跳
dough：生面团，金钱
sprinkled：喷洒
illusory：幻觉的，虚假的
kneading：捏合，揉捏
precise：精确地，严格的
encompasses：包含，包围，围绕
长难句分析：
To understand how unpredictability can arise from deterministic equations, which do not involve chance outcomes, consider the non-chaotic system of two poppy seeds placed in a
round bowl.
Which引导定语从句对deterministic equations进行解释说明，句子的主语被放在了后面，To understand不定式引导目的状语，对句子主语动作的实施进行说明。
话题分类：自然科学
文章展开套路：现象解释型
作者态度：客观评价
文章脉络：
第一段：大约在1960年,爱德华·洛伦兹数学家在表面上看起来很简单的代表大气流动的一次方程式中发现意想不到的行为。
第二段：了解不可预测性可以从确定性方程出现,它不涉及结果的机会,考虑两种罂粟种子的non-chaotic系统放在一个碗里。为了了解确定性方程如何引起不确定性，要考虑将两种罂粟种子放在一个碗里的非混沌系统。
第三段：混沌系统,如机混合面包机一样,特点是吸引和排斥。
第四段：把蝴蝶效应和本文的混沌系统进行分析对比。更多相关内容请点击》两大普世性GMAT阅读法介绍。
答案：1-5: A E C E D
习题解析：
1. Hie main purpose of this passage is to
(A) explain complicated aspects of certain physical systems
(B) trace the historical development of a scientific theory
(C) distinguish a mathematical pattern from its opposite
(D) describe the spread of a technical model from one field of study to others
(E) contrast possible causes of weather phenomena
选项说明：
(A) 正确，本文解释了一个复杂的物理系统的特点。
(B) 第一段描述了混沌理论的发展具有里程碑式的意义，但并没有追溯历史上科学理论的发展。
(C) 文中没有提到与混沌理论相对立的其他数学模式。
(D) 如果混沌理论是一种technical model文章没有说它从一个领域传播到另一个领域
(E) 最后一段提到了蝴蝶效应，但没有其他的气象成因与其对比。
2. In the example discussed in the passage, what is true about poppy seeds in bread dough, once the dough has been thoroughly mixed?
(A) They have been individually stretched and folded over, like miniature versions of the
entire dough.
(B) They are scattered in random clumps throughout the dough.
(C) They are accidentally caught in tangled objects called strange attractors.
(D) They are bound to regularly dispersed patterns of point attractors.
(E) They are in positions dictated by the underlying equations that govern the mixing process.
选项说明：
(A) 文中没有提到任何关于罂粟种子自己会伸展或其他特性。
(B) 罂粟籽是分散的，但不是胡乱地分散。
(C) accidentally在文中没有提到，strange attractors不是指物理特性，而是指数学方法。
(D) point attractors在混合进程中没有被提到，并且不是被有规律的散播的。
(E) 正确，罂粟籽看似是被胡乱的分散的，但其实遵循奇异吸引体路径，所以种子的位置要视基本方程系统而定。
3. According to the passage, the rounding errors in Lorenz’s model
(A) indicated that the model was programmed in a fundamentally faulty way
(B) were deliberately included to represent tiny fluctuations in atmospheric air currents
(C) were imperceptibly small at first, but tended to grow
(D) were at least partially expected, given the complexity of the actual atmosphere
(E) shrank to insignificant levels during each trial of the model
选项说明：
(A) 尽管那些化整误差是错误，但没有证据表明模型整体上是错误的。
(B) 把小的波动包含到大气流动中不是故意的，此说法片面。
(C) 此选项与文中内容相近，were imperceptibly small at first substitutes for tiny, and tended to grow substitutes for mushroomed over time。
(D) 文中指出行为模式是意料之外的，但没有证据表明Lorenz预料到了错误。
(E) 不是收缩，而是随着时间推移迅速增长。
4. The passage mentions each of the following as an example or potential example of a chaotic or non-chaotic system EXCEPT
(A) a dough-mixing machine
(B) atmospheric weather patterns
(C) poppy seeds placed on top of an upside-down bowl
(D) poppy seeds placed in a right-side-up bowl
(E) fluctuating butterfly flight patterns
选项说明：
(A) 第三段一开始就提到了Chaotic systems, such as a machine mixing bread dough. ...
(B) 天气模式作为一个实例在第一段和最后一段都有提到，Earth s weather may be an example of a chaotic system.
(C) 第二段有提到as an example of a non-chaotic system that creates divergence.
(D) 第二段有提到Poppy seeds placed in a bowl that is right-side-up
(E) 正确，蝴蝶的飞行模式没有作为一种系统被提到。
5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following pairs of items would most
likely follow typical pathways within a chaotic system?
(A) two particles ejected in random directions from the same decaying atomic nucleus
(B) two stickers affixed to a balloon that expands and contracts over and over again
(C) two avalanches sliding down opposite sides of the same mountain
(D) two baseballs placed into an active tumble dryer
(E) two coins flipped into a large bowl
选项说明：
(A) 从核子中驱逐出的粒子确实会分离，但不会再靠近。并且没有暗示任何活动类似于混合面包团。
(B) 气球上的贴纸反复分离和相聚，符合吸引排斥的标准，但是没有混合。
(C) 和A一样，会分离但不会再接近，并且在系统中没有混合。
(D) 正确，两个棒球放在活跃的滚筒式烘干机中与罂粟籽和生面团在机器里混合对比，是另一种混沌系统。
(E) 这种属于非混沌系统。
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