在管理学中，项目发起人是一个项目过程中的重要角色，那么他们参与项目的那些过程？又对项目成败有何影响？跟着小编来一起学习今天的托福阅读吧—关于项目执行人的一篇托福阅读材料。
先学习一下文章中的疑难词：
Executive n. 经理adj. 行政的；经营的
Sponsors n. 赞助商v. 赞助
overlookn. 忽视；眺望vt. 忽略；俯瞰；高耸于…之上
Initiate n. 开始vt. 开始；发起
Undertake vt. 承担；从事；同意
Outcome n. 结果，结局；成果
lining up排队
underway adj. 进行中的
engage vi. 从事；答应vt.占用
Preliminary n. 准备；预赛adj. 初步的；预备的
Deliverable adj. 可以传送的；可交付使用的
completion n. 完成，结束；实现
开始阅读吧！
How Executive Sponsors Influence Project Success
(项目)执行发起人如何影响项目成功
阅读相关：项目执行人是项目发起人(Project Sponsor,项目发起人是为项目提供财务资源的个人或团体)的执行层高级领导人员。在公司治理和项目治理的组织架构中一般处于中间桥梁位置，连接着组织最高领导层和项目经理及项目团队。
The role of project sponsors is often overlooked. But for every stage of a project, there are key executive sponsor behaviors that can make the difference between success and failure.
项目执行发起人的角色常常被忽视。但是对于项目执行的每个阶段，都有关乎项目成败的执行发起人的关键行为方式。
Companies undertake projects to create and improve their products, systems and services. To improve the chances that projects will be successful, it’s common for organizations to choose senior executives with an interest in the outcome to act as the project’s sponsors. Executive sponsors are responsible for lining up the necessary resources at the beginning, managing (or personally performing) certain activities while the project is underway, and ultimately delivering results. Since executive sponsors rarely have enough time to manage projects personally, they must rely heavily on project managers. So which activities and behaviors can busy sponsors perform in the course of a project to increase the chances of a project’s success?
公司承担项目以设计和改进他们的产品，系统和服务。为了加大项目成功的机会，组织常常会选择对成果有兴趣的高管作为项目发起人。执行发起人在一开始要负责必要的资源梳理，项目进行过程中需要管理活动，并最终交付结果。因为执行发起人很少有足够的时间亲自管理项目，他们必然需要项目经理。那么问题来了，如此繁忙的项目执行人在提高项目成功率的过程中可以执行哪些活动？又启用什么样的行为模式呢？
According to recent studies, this is an important question. The Project Management Institute, a professional association for project management professionals based in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, states that having executive sponsors who are actively engaged is the leading factor in project success.
最近研究显示，这是个重大的问题。项目管理研究所--一个位于宾夕法尼亚新城广场的项目管理专业人士协会—声明:项目成功的主要因素是有积极参与的执行人。
In researching what makes for successful project sponsorship, we used a project life-cycle model with four stages: (1) initiating — from the preliminary idea through approved charter； (2) planning — from approved charter through approved project plan； (3) executing — from approved project plan through acceptance of major deliverables； and (4) closing — from acceptance of major deliverables through final completion. Projects come in many shapes and sizes, and many life-cycle models are used to guide behavior and understanding. We chose to use the simplest model.
在研究是什么促成了成功的项目执行时，我们要用到项目生命周期模型：(1)启动—项目初步设想到通过审核(2)规划—从构想过审到计划过审(3)执行—从计划过审到可交付成果的接受(4)终止—交付成果到项目完成。项目有多种类型，项目周期模型用于指导行为和帮助理解。我们用的是最简单的模型。
Most successful organizations are familiar with the initiating stage of a project. Also well accepted is that there are steps that need to be taken to close down the project after the major project deliverables are completed. While the first and last stages of projects are clear, in some settings, the planning takes place before executing starts； other times, there is overlap between planning and executing, or the two are iterative. To ensure that our research was valid for all types of projects, we specifically asked participants in our planning study to focus on planning behaviors and participants in the executing study to focus on executing behaviors.
成功的组织很熟悉项目的启动阶段，他们更同意的是在可交付成果完成后，有需要采取措施结束主要的项目。当项目开始的阶段和最后的阶段都明确了，在某些情况下，执行阶段先于规划阶段；或者，在执行和规划阶段会有交叉时期；又或者，两个阶段反复。
这些长难句可以学着分析一下：
1. The Project Management Institute, a professional association for project management professionals based in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, states that having executive sponsors who are actively engaged is the leading factor in project success.
句子类型：同位语+宾语从句
句子拆分：
主干：The Project Management Institute states that…
同位语：a professional association for project management professionals based in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania是The Project Management Institute的同位语
宾语从句：that having executive sponsors who are actively engaged is the leading factor in project success
翻译：项目管理研究所--一个位于宾夕法尼亚新城广场的项目管理专业人士协会—声明:项目成功的主要因素是有积极参与的执行人。
2. Also well accepted is that there are steps that need to be taken to close down the project after the major project deliverables are completed.
句子类型：强调句+宾语从句+定语从句
句子拆分：
主干：Also well accepted is…
宾语从句：there are steps after the major project deliverables are completed
定语从句：that need to be taken to close down the project，先行词是steps
翻译：他们更同意的是在可交付成果完成后，有需要采取措施结束主要的项目。
好了，以上就是我们今天一起阅读的文章，希望对备考托福的大家有所帮助。前程百利祝大家都能取得理想的托福考试成绩。
您还可能关注：
